Neurophysiology Exam Questions: Membrane Potentials, Ion Conductance, and Neuron Function, Exams of Physiology

Download Neurophysiology Exam Questions: Membrane Potentials, Ion Conductance, and Neuron Function and more Exams Physiology in PDF only on Docsity! Bio3200 W2022 EXAM 1 - 50 Questions I have submitted my scantron for grading: PRINT NAME: I certify that I have followed the WSU STUDENT CODE OF CONTENT, and have not cheated in any shape or form. (sign your name) V1 V1 Bio3200:  Human  Physiology Sept,  22,  2022 EXAM  1   [50  Qs] Section  1:  Complete  each  phrase  with  one  of  the  two  words  in  square  brackets  [A.  /B.]. 1. The oldest and most primitive region of the brain is the [A. cerebrum /B. brain stem]. 2. A  major  "sensory  association"  area  of  the  brain  resides  in  the  [A.  frontal/B.  parietal]  lobe. 3. The  [A.  dura/B.  pia]  mater  is  the  meninges  layer  closest  to  the  skull. 4. A  graded  postsynaptic  potential  that  moves  the  resting  membrane  potential  farther  away  from zero  [A.  depolarizes/B.  hyperpolarizes]  the  neuron. 5. The  [A.  absolute  /B.  relative]  refractory  period  is  a  time  when  certain  channels  in  an  axon  can  not respond  to  a  graded  potential  no  matter  how  large  the  depolarization. 6. A two-point discrimination test allows for the differentiation between [A. perceptual thresholds /B. receptive fields]. 7. A  portal  system  is  characterized  by  [A.  one/B.  two]  capillary  beds. 8. The  anterior  pituitary  is  also  known  as  the  [A.  adenohypophysis  /B.  neurohypophysis]. 9. The  area  of  the  somatosensory  cortex  devoted  to  a  specific  body  part  is  related  to  the  [A. frequency  that  part  is  used/B.  density  of  somatosensory  receptors  in  that  part]. 10. Myelinated  axons  are  found  in  the  [A.  grey  /B.  white]  matter. 11. An  important  structure  in  both  learning  and  memory  is  the  [A.  hippocampus/  B.  hypothalamus]. 12. The  pattern  of  synaptic  connectivity  where  a  large  number  of  presynaptic  neurons  provide  input to  a  single  postsynaptic  neuron,  is  known  as  [A.  convergence/  B.  divergence]. 13. Of  these  anterior  pituitary  hormones,  [A.    ACTH  /B.  Prolactin]  has  a  nonendocrine  target. 14. [A.  Tonic/B.  Phasic]  receptors  rapidly  adapt  as  they  respond  mostly  to  a  change  in  stimulus. 15. Gamma-­‐aminobutyric  acid  (GABA)  is  a  potent  [A.  inhibitory  /B.  excitatory]  neurotransmitter. Section  2:  Multiple  Choice.  Select  single  best  answer  based  on  physiology. 16. Neuronal  function  is  tightly  linked  to  the  kind  of  channel  being  used.    Which  of  the  following  is NOT  correctly  matched? A. action  potential  ;  voltage  gated  channel B. IPSP  ;  ligand  gated  channel C. EPSP  ;     ligand  gated  channel D. resting  membrane  potential  ;  passive  channel E. synaptic  vesicle  release  ;  passive  channel. 17. Which pairing is FALSE? A. Thalamus  ;  relays  and  modifies  information  going  to  and  from  the  cerebellum B. Medulla oblongata ; contains control centers for blood pressure and breathing C. Midbrain ; relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes D. Cerebellum  ;  coordinates  execution  of  movement E. Hypothalamus ; contains integrating centers for homeostasis Page  1,  v1 29. Arrange  the  following  terms  in  correct  order  once  an  excitatory  neurotransmitter  binds  to  its receptor. 1. Ligand  gated  ion  channel  opens 2. Voltage  gated-­‐Ca2+  channels  open 3. Trigger  zone  reaches  threshold 4. Saltatory  conduction  occurs 5. A  localized  depolarization  occurs 6. Voltage  gated  K+  channel  opens 7. exocytosis A. 1,  2,  7,  3,  6,  5,  4 B. 3,  6,  5,  4,  1,  2,  7 C. 1,  5,  3,  6,  4,  2,  7 D. 1,  3,  5,  4,  6,  7,  2 E. 5,  3,  6,  4,  1,  2,  7 30. The  equilibrium  potential  of  a  given  ion  across  a  membrane  is A. a  function  of  the  concentration  of  that  ion  on  the  inside  of  the  cell. B. the  potential  at  which  the  membrane  potential  is  zero. C. the  potential  at  which  there  is  no  net  movement  of  all  permeable  ions  across  the membrane. D. the  potential  difference  across  a  membrane  that  creates  the  electrical  gradient moving  ions  into  a  neuron. E. the  potential  at  which  there  is  no  net  movement  of  that  ion  across  the membrane. 31. What effect does hyperkalemia, an increase in extracellular plasma K+ concentration, have on the resting membrane potential of neurons? A. Less K+ leaves the cell so membrane potential becomes less negative. B. Membrane becomes hyperpolarized. C. Shifts  it  closer  to  threshold  so  the  neuron  is  more  likely  to  depolarize. D. A  and  C E. A,  B  and  C 32. Of  the  following  hormones,  which  one  is  the  least  likely  to  be  detected  in  a  normal  blood  sample taken  from  a  person's  arm? A. Vasopressin B. TSH C. CRH D. ACTH E. Prolactin Page  4,  v1 33.    The  diagram  below  is  an  action  potential  of  a  "typical  neuron"  of  the  textbook.      Based  on  this diagram  which  statement  below  is  FALSE? A.    At  D,  the  voltage  dependent  Na+  channel  closes  to  stop  ion  conductance. B.    At  E,  voltage  dependent  K+  channels  are  open. C.    At  G,  the  neuron  is  at  rest  and  all  voltage  dependent  channels    are  closed. D.    At  A,  the  neuron  is  at  rest  and  all  voltage  dependent  channels    are  closed. E.    At  C,    the  voltage  dependent  K+  channel  is  in  the  open  position. 34.    Grade  potentials  have  all  of  the  following  properties  EXCEPT: A.    Have  a  specific  threshold B.    Hyperpolarizing C.    Depolarizing D.    Diminish  over  time E.    Diminish  over  distance 35.    What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? A.    keep glucose levels high within the brain. B.    cushion the brain during physical impact. C.    keep neurohormones levels high within  the  brain. D.    protect  the  brain  from  harmful  substances  in  the  blood. E.    keep oxygen levels high within the brain. 36.    Which  of  the  following  statements  about  the  somatosensory  system  is  FALSE? A.    Special  connective  tissue  endings    are  often  used  by  a  sensory  neuron  to  help detect  a  particular  kind  of  stimulus. B.    Tonic  and  phasic  receptors  send  separate  information  about  the  duration  of  a stimulus. C.    Sensory  modalities  start  as  separate  information  lines  and  remain  so  all  the  way to  the  somatosensory  cortex. D.    The  receptive  field  of  different  types  of  sensory  receptors  often  overlap  within  a given  skin  region. E.    An  adequate  stimulus  is  the  amount  of  stimulus  required  to  initiate  a  receptor potential. Page  5,  v1 37.    The  diagram  below  depicts  a  cell  with  a  negative  resting  membrane  potential.  Ion  X  is  distributed such  that  it  is  ten  times  more  concentrated  inside  then  outside  of  the  cell.    Ion  Y  has  an  equal concentration  on  each  side  of  the  membrane.    Based  on  this  diagram  which  statement  below  is CORRECT? A.    Both  electrical  and  chemical  gradients  tend  to  move  Y  into  the  cell. B.    Both  electrical  and  chemical  gradients  tend  to  move  X  out  of  the  cell. C.    For  Y,  the  chemical  gradient  tends  to  force  Y  out  of  the  cell  but  this  is counteracted  by  the  electrical  gradient. D.    For  X,  the  chemical  gradient  tends  to  force  X  into  the  cell  but  this  is counteracted  by  the  electrical  gradient  pushing  X  out  of  the  cell. E.    For  X,  the  chemical  gradient  tends  to  force  X  out  of  the  cell  but  this  is counteracted  by  the  electrical  gradient  keeping  X  in  the  cell. 38.    Referred  pain A.    is  the  perception  of  pain  in  the  arm  for  example,  even  though  it  originates  from an  internal  organ. B.    is  thought  to  occur  as  neurons  from  an  organ  converge  on  the  secondary neurons  used  to  process    information  from  the  skin. C.    is  thought  to  occur  as  neurons  from  an  organ  converge  on  the  thalamic  neurons that  are  connected  to  skin  receptors. D.    A  and  B E.    A  and  C 39.    Lateral  inhibition A.    increases  the  contrast  between  neighboring  receptive  fields B.    increases  the  amplitude  of  the  receptor  potential C.    increase  the  frequency  of  action  potentials  originating  from  the  primary  sensory neuron. D.    A  and  B E.    A,  B  and  C Page  6,  v1 48.    Using    the  values  described  for  our  'generic  neuron'  in  class,  compare  the  firing  pattern  between these  three  neurons  (X,  Y  &  Z)  based  on  the  following  inputs  at  the  trigger  zone.  [AP  =  action potential] Neuron  X  detects  7  EPSPs  of  5  mV,  and  2  IPSPs  at  4  mV. Neuron  Y  detects  5  EPSPs  of  7  mV  and  4  IPSPs  of  4  mV Neuron  Z  detects  4  EPSPs  of  4  mV  and  2  IPSP  of  6  mV. A.    all  three  fire  with    X  more  than  Y,  which  is  more  than  Z B.    X  &  Y  fire  APs,  with  X  firing  more  than  Y;    but  Z  will  not  fire. C.    X  will  fire  APs,  but  neither  Y  nor  Z  fire  APs D.    only  Z  fires;  X  and  Y  do  not  fire  APs E.    X  fires  more  than  Y  or  Z  which  have  the  same  frequency. 49.    The  following  is  a  cartoon  of  a  sensory  neuron  being  touched.    At  left  a  stimulus  is  represented  by the  black  box  and  the  response,  action  potentials,  shown  as  vertical  lines.  This  sensory  neuron  is then  touched  in  one  of  five  patterns  shown  (grey)  with  a  possible  firing  pattern  shown  by  the vertical  lines.      Which  of  these  firing  patterns  is/are  CORRECT? A.    A,  C,  D  and  E B.    A,  C  and  D C.    A  and  C D.    B E.    E 50.    Dexamethasone  is  a  drug  used  to  suppress  the  secretion  of  ACTH  from  the  anterior  pituitary gland.  Two  patients  with  hypersecretion  of  cortisol  are  given  dexamethasone.  Anika's  cortisol secretion  level  falls  to  normal  after  the  medication,  but  Bonnie's  cortisol  secretion  remains elevated.  Based  on  this  data  which  statement(s)  is/are  CORRECT? A.    Bonnie  has  primary  hypercortisolism B.    Anika  has  primary  hypercortisolism C.    Anika  and  Bonnie  both  have  primary  hypercortisolism D.    Anika  has  primary  hypocortisolism E.    C  and  D Page  9,  v1 Answer  Key  for  Test  “draft  1  F22”,  9/16/22 No.  in Q-­‐Bank No.  on Test Correct  Answer 9 194 1 B 9 9 2 B 9 171 3 A 8 25 4 B 8 64 5 A 10 116 6 B 7 21 7 B 7 19 8 A 10 60 9 B 9 174 10 B 9 121 11 A 8 172 12 A 7 155 13 B 10 9 14 B 8 37 15 A 8 321 16 E 9 198 17 A 9 69 18 D 8 254 19 A 9 211 20 B 8 289 21 B 7 152 22 B 7 52 23 A 6 26 24 C 7 54 25 B 10 88 26 C 8 224 27 A 8 308 28 A 8 303 29 C 8 201 30 E 8 320 31 D 7 144 32 C 8 317 33 A 8 304 34 A 9 200 35 D 10 123 36 E 8 113 37 E 10 41 38 D 10 114 39 A 8 107 40 D 8 54 41 B 9 63 42 D 7 157 43 B 7 97 44 A 8 258 45 B Page  1,  v1 For Q 43 - accepted B but also E based on semanitics Answer  Key  for  Test  “draft  1  F22”,  9/16/22 No.  in Q-­‐Bank No.  on Test Correct  Answer 8 307 46 A 8 311 47 B 8 312 48 B 10 97 49 B 7 132 50 A Page  2,  v1 18.    Which  of  the  following  statements  is  FALSE? A.    A  neuronal  reflex,  but  not  an  endocrine  reflex,  requires  an  afferent  pathway. B.    Neural  and  endocrine  reflexes  both  require  an  integration  center. C.    A  neuronal  reflex  requires  an  effector  neuron. D.    Some  endocrine  gland  cells  sense  the  stimulus  directly. E.    A  neuronal  reflex  never  regulates  an  endocrine  reflex. 19.    What  does  the  Goldman-­‐Hodgkin-­‐Katz  equation  take  into  account  that  the  Nernst  equation  does NOT? A.    the  size  of  the  ions B.    the  solubility  of  the  ions C.    the  temperature  of  the  system D.    the  permeability  of  the  ions E.    the  electrical  charge  of  the  ions 20.    Which pairing is FALSE? A.    Cerebellum  ;  coordinates  execution  of  movement B.    Hypothalamus ; contains integrating centers for homeostasis C.    Thalamus  ;  relays  and  modifies  information  going  to  and  from  the  cerebellum D.    Midbrain ; relays signals for auditory and visual reflexes E.    Medulla oblongata ; contains control centers for blood pressure and breathing 21.    Which  of  the  following  is  TRUE? A.    The  blood  brain  barrier  involves  gap  junctions  between  the  endothelial  cells  of the  capillaries. B.    The  ventricles  are  filled  with  blood. C.    The  cerebral  spinal  fluid    is  returned  to  general  circulation  through  the  blood brain  barrier. D.    Cerebral  spinal  fluid  is  more  similar  to  plasma  than  to  interstitial  fluid. E.    Cerebral  spinal  fluid  is  produced  by  ependymal  cells  lining  the  ventricles. 22.    Which  of  the  following  statements  about  the  somatosensory  system  is  FALSE? A.    Tonic  and  phasic  receptors  send  separate  information  about  the  duration  of  a stimulus. B.    An  adequate  stimulus  is  the  amount  of  stimulus  required  to  initiate  a  receptor potential. C.    Special  connective  tissue  endings    are  often  used  by  a  sensory  neuron  to  help detect  a  particular  kind  of  stimulus. D.    Sensory  modalities  start  as  separate  information  lines  and  remain  so  all  the  way to  the  somatosensory  cortex. E.    The  receptive  field  of  different  types  of  sensory  receptors  often  overlap  within  a given  skin  region. 23.    Neuronal  function  is  tightly  linked  to  the  kind  of  channel  being  used.    Which  of  the  following  is NOT  correctly  matched? A.    synaptic  vesicle  release  ;  passive  channel. B.    action  potential  ;  voltage  gated  channel C.    EPSP  ;     ligand  gated  channel D.    IPSP  ;  ligand  gated  channel E.    resting  membrane  potential  ;  passive  channel Page  2,  v2 24.    The  diencephalon  is  composed  of  all  of  the  following  EXCEPT: A.    hypothalamus B.    thalamus C.    pineal  gland D.    amygdala E.    pituitary 25.    The  diagram  below  is  an  action  potential  of  a  "typical  neuron"  of  the  textbook.      Based  on  this diagram  which  statement  below  is  FALSE? A.    At  D,  the  voltage  dependent  Na+  channel  closes  to  stop  ion  conductance. B.    At  E,  voltage  dependent  K+  channels  are  open. C.    At  A,  the  neuron  is  at  rest  and  all  voltage  dependent  channels    are  closed. D.    At  G,  the  neuron  is  at  rest  and  all  voltage  dependent  channels    are  closed. E.    At  C,    the  voltage  dependent  K+  channel  is  in  the  open  position. 26.    Based  on  the  following  diagram  of  a  spinal  cord  cross-­‐section  which  statement  is  FALSE? A.    The  area  labeled  a  is  the  dorsal  horn. B.    The  cell  bodies  of  motor  neurons  lie  in  area  b. C.    Area  e  is  one  place  where  axons  ascend  to  the  brain. D.    The  cell  bodies  of  sensory  neurons  lie  in  area  f. E.    The  ventral  root  is  labeled  g. 27.    Of  the  following  hormones,  which  one  is  the  least  likely  to  be  detected  in  a  normal  blood  sample taken  from  a  person's  arm? A.    TSH B.    CRH C.    ACTH D.    Prolactin E.    Vasopressin Page  3,  v2 28. You  learnt  about  inhibitory  axo-­‐axonic  connections  that  alter  the  activity  of  a  specific  pre-­‐synaptic terminal.    This  is  shown  below  as  neuron  "I"  talks  to  a  presynaptic  terminal  (x)  of  neuron  M. Neuron  M  controls  two  targets  -­‐  Ta  and  Tb.    While  M  talks  to  Tb,  a  third  neuron,  E,  provides  an excitatory  axo-­‐axonic  connection,  to  the  presynaptic  terminal  (y)  communicating  with  Tb.  Given this  network,  which  of  the  statements  below  is  INCORRECT? A. Both  neurons  M  and  E  need  to  fire  for  E  to  enhance  activity  of  'y.' B. If  only  M  fires,  activity  in  both  Ta  and  Tb  is  observed. C. Activation  of  either  E  or  I  alone  will  not  affect  activity  in  Ta  or  Tb. D. All  three  neurons,  M,  E  and  I  need  to  fire  for  E  to  enhance  activity  of  'y.' E. If  M  and  I  fire,  Tb  would  exhibit  activity. 29. The  site  where  an  individual  neuron  most  often  integrates  information  is A. the  cell  body B. the  dendrites C. the  chemical  synapse D. the  axon  terminal E. the  trigger  zone 30. The  somatosensory  cortex A. lies  immediately  in  front  of  the  central  sulcus B. clusters  all  sensory  information  together  to  create  a  map  of  our  external surroundings. C. clusters  all  of  the  somatosensory  information  from  one  region  of  the  body  (say finger  tip)  into  one  area  of  the  cortex. D. alters  sensory  information  into  movement E. sends  axons  down  into  the  spinal  cord  that  synapse  with  motor  neurons 31. During  an  action  potential  the  direction  of  ion  flow  depends  on A. the  cell's  membrane  potential  (e.g.  P  values) B. concentration  and  electrical  gradients C. voltage-­‐gated  Na+  or  K+  channels D. the  cell's  permeability  to  each  ion  changing  in  a  'feedforward'  process E. a  change  in  passive  channel  activity Page  4,  v2 39. Arrange  the  following  terms  in  correct  order  once  an  excitatory  neurotransmitter  binds  to  its receptor. 1. Ligand  gated  ion  channel  opens 2. Voltage  gated-­‐Ca2+  channels  open 3. Trigger  zone  reaches  threshold 4. Saltatory  conduction  occurs 5. A  localized  depolarization  occurs 6. Voltage  gated  K+  channel  opens 7. exocytosis A. 1,  3,  5,  4,  6,  7,  2 B. 3,  6,  5,  4,  1,  2,  7 C. 5,  3,  6,  4,  1,  2,  7 D. 1,  2,  7,  3,  6,  5,  4 E. 1,  5,  3,  6,  4,  2,  7 40. Peptide  hormones A. are  secreted  into  the  blood  after  being  attached  to  cholesterol. B. are  derived  from  a  preprohormone  translated  on  a  ribosome  attached  to  the  ER. C. are  digested  into  small  peptides  in  the  cytosol  and  then  pumped  into  vesicles. D. are  secreted  as  prohormones  that  are  processed  into  a  mature  hormone  in  the blood E. are  derived  from  amino  acids  such  as  tyrosine  or  tryptophan. 41. The  equilibrium  potential  of  a  given  ion  across  a  membrane  is A. a  function  of  the  concentration  of  that  ion  on  the  inside  of  the  cell. B. the  potential  at  which  there  is  no  net  movement  of  all  permeable  ions  across  the membrane. C. the  potential  difference  across  a  membrane  that  creates  the  electrical  gradient moving  ions  into  a  neuron. D. the  potential  at  which  there  is  no  net  movement  of  that  ion  across  the membrane. E. the  potential  at  which  the  membrane  potential  is  zero. 42. The  following  is  from  your  textbook  and  shows  a  major  reflex  loop  associated  with  the hypothalamuss pituitary  axis.  Based  on  this  flow  chart,  which  of  the  following  is  NOT correct? A. Y  is  the  hormone  oxytocin. B. X    is  a  trophic  factor  released  by  the  hypothalamus C. Y  is  a  hormone  released  directly  into  the  blood, D. The  endocrine  cell,  E,  receives  factor  X  via  the  portal  system. E. All  of  the  above  are  correct. Page  7,  v2 43. Lateral  inhibition A. increases  the  contrast  between  neighboring  receptive  fields B. increases  the  amplitude  of  the  receptor  potential C. increase  the  frequency  of  action  potentials  originating  from  the  primary  sensory neuron. D. A  and  B E. A,  B  and  C 44. Epinephrine on its own increases blood glucose by 5m g/100m L and glucagon alone by 8m g/100m L. If both hormones are present, blood glucose increases by 17m g/100m L. This is an example of a(n) ________ hormone interaction. A. synergistic B. antagonistic C. long-­‐loop D. short-­‐loop E. permissive 45. Ouabain,  a  specific  inhibitor  of  the  Na+-­‐K+  ATPase,  is  applied  to  a  neuron.  The  next  action potential  that  fires  after  ouabain  application  will  appear  ____. A. smaller  than  normal B. the  same  as  normal C. larger  than  normal D. No  action  potential  will  fire  after  ouabain  is  applied. E. Can  not  tell  from  information  given 46. A  lab  technician  has  inadvertently  substituted  lithium  (Li+)  for  sodium  in  a  solution  of  saline  for use  by  students  in  neurophysiology  labs.  If  a  frog  nerve  was  bathed  in  this  solution,  what  would happen  upon  stimulation  of  the  nerve?  [Assume  channels  are  absolutely  specific  to  ions  discussed in  class.] A. a  depolarization  phase  will  still  occur  as  Li+  enters  the  cell B. a  hyperpolarization  phase  will  occur  as  K+  will  still  leave  cell C. an  action  potential  will  still  occur D. A  and  B E. A,  B  and  C 47. What  happens  if  the  threshold  of  the  voltage  gated  Ca2+  channel  changes  from  -­‐55  mV  (i.e. normal)  to  -­‐60  mV?    Compared  to  normal  neurons,  in  this  altered  condition A. less  neurotransmitter  will  be  released  per  arriving  action  potential. B. this  change  in  threshold  is  not  sufficient  to  cause  any  change  in  actvity. C. a  presynaptic  neuron  would  need  to  be  excited  to  a  greater  level  to  activate  a postsynaptic  neuron  to  expected  levels. D. more  neurotransmitter  will  be  released  per  arriving  action  potential. E. the  presynaptic  terminal  will  hyperpolarize  with  incoming  Action  Potentials. Page  8,  v2 48.    The  following  is  a  cartoon  of  a  sensory  neuron  being  touched.    At  left  a  stimulus  is  represented  by the  black  box  and  the  response,  action  potentials,  shown  as  vertical  lines.  This  sensory  neuron  is then  touched  in  one  of  five  patterns  shown  (grey)  with  a  possible  firing  pattern  shown  by  the vertical  lines.      Which  of  these  firing  patterns  is/are  CORRECT? A.    A,  C  and  D B.    B C.    A,  C,  D  and  E D.    A  and  C E.    E 49.    Using    the  values  described  for  our  'generic  neuron'  in  class,  compare  the  firing  pattern  between these  three  neurons  (X,  Y  &  Z)  based  on  the  following  inputs  at  the  trigger  zone.  [AP  =  action potential] Neuron  X  detects  7  EPSPs  of  5  mV,  and  2  IPSPs  at  4  mV. Neuron  Y  detects  5  EPSPs  of  7  mV  and  4  IPSPs  of  4  mV Neuron  Z  detects  4  EPSPs  of  4  mV  and  2  IPSP  of  6  mV. A.    X  will  fire  APs,  but  neither  Y  nor  Z  fire  APs B.    X  fires  more  than  Y  or  Z  which  have  the  same  frequency. C.    all  three  fire  with    X  more  than  Y,  which  is  more  than  Z D.    X  &  Y  fire  APs,  with  X  firing  more  than  Y;    but  Z  will  not  fire. E.    only  Z  fires;  X  and  Y  do  not  fire  APs 50.    Dexamethasone  is  a  drug  used  to  suppress  the  secretion  of  ACTH  from  the  anterior  pituitary gland.  Two  patients  with  hypersecretion  of  cortisol  are  given  dexamethasone.  Anika's  cortisol secretion  level  falls  to  normal  after  the  medication,  but  Bonnie's  cortisol  secretion  remains elevated.  Based  on  this  data  which  statement(s)  is/are  CORRECT? A.    Anika  and  Bonnie  both  have  primary  hypercortisolism B.    Bonnie  has  primary  hypercortisolism C.    Anika  has  primary  hypercortisolism D.    Anika  has  primary  hypocortisolism E.    C  and  D Page  9,  v2 Bio3200 W2022 EXAM 1 - 50 Questions I have submitted my scantron for grading: PRINT NAME: I certify that I have followed the WSU STUDENT CODE OF CONTENT, and have not cheated in any shape or form. (sign your name) V3 V3 Bio3200:  Human  Physiology Sept,  22,  2022 EXAM  1   [50  Qs] Section  1:  Complete  each  phrase  with  one  of  the  two  words  in  square  brackets  [A.  /B.]. 1. The  [A.  absolute  /B.  relative]  refractory  period  is  a  time  when  certain  channels  in  an  axon  can  not respond  to  a  graded  potential  no  matter  how  large  the  depolarization. 2. An  important  structure  in  both  learning  and  memory  is  the  [A.  hippocampus/  B.  hypothalamus]. 3. A  portal  system  is  characterized  by  [A.  one/B.  two]  capillary  beds. 4. The  [A.  dura/B.  pia]  mater  is  the  meninges  layer  closest  to  the  skull. 5. The  anterior  pituitary  is  also  known  as  the  [A.  adenohypophysis  /B.  neurohypophysis]. 6. A two-point discrimination test allows for the differentiation between [A. perceptual thresholds /B. receptive fields]. 7. Myelinated  axons  are  found  in  the  [A.  grey  /B.  white]  matter. 8. A  major  "sensory  association"  area  of  the  brain  resides  in  the  [A.  frontal/B.  parietal]  lobe. 9. [A.  Tonic/B.  Phasic]  receptors  rapidly  adapt  as  they  respond  mostly  to  a  change  in  stimulus. 10. A  graded  postsynaptic  potential  that  moves  the  resting  membrane  potential  farther  away  from zero  [A.  depolarizes/B.  hyperpolarizes]  the  neuron. 11. The oldest and most primitive region of the brain is the [A. cerebrum /B. brain stem]. 12. The  area  of  the  somatosensory  cortex  devoted  to  a  specific  body  part  is  related  to  the  [A. frequency  that  part  is  used/B.  density  of  somatosensory  receptors  in  that  part]. 13. Of  these  anterior  pituitary  hormones,  [A.    ACTH  /B.  Prolactin]  has  a  nonendocrine  target. 14. The  pattern  of  synaptic  connectivity  where  a  large  number  of  presynaptic  neurons  provide  input to  a  single  postsynaptic  neuron,  is  known  as  [A.  convergence/  B.  divergence]. 15. Gamma-­‐aminobutyric  acid  (GABA)  is  a  potent  [A.  inhibitory  /B.  excitatory]  neurotransmitter. Section  2:  Multiple  Choice.  Select  single  best  answer  based  on  physiology. 16. Which  of  the  following  statements  is  FALSE? A. A  neuronal  reflex,  but  not  an  endocrine  reflex,  requires  an  afferent  pathway. B. Some  endocrine  gland  cells  sense  the  stimulus  directly. C. A  neuronal  reflex  requires  an  effector  neuron. D. Neural  and  endocrine  reflexes  both  require  an  integration  center. E. A  neuronal  reflex  never  regulates  an  endocrine  reflex. 17. Lateral  inhibition A. increases  the  contrast  between  neighboring  receptive  fields B. increases  the  amplitude  of  the  receptor  potential C. increase  the  frequency  of  action  potentials  originating  from  the  primary  sensory neuron. D. A  and  B E. A,  B  and  C Page  1,  v3 18.    Tetrodotoxin  is  a  toxin  that  blocks  voltage-­‐gated  sodium  channels.  What  effect  does  this  substance have  on  the  function  of  neurons? A.    Action  potentials  lack  a  repolarization  phase. B.    The  absolute  refractory  period  is  shorter  than  normal. C.    Neurons  depolarize  more  rapidly. D.    The  neuron  is  not  able  to  propagate  action  potentials. E.    The  resting  membrane  potential  would  hyperpolarize. 19.    Of  the  following  hormones,  which  one  is  the  least  likely  to  be  detected  in  a  normal  blood  sample taken  from  a  person's  arm? A.    ACTH B.    Prolactin C.    Vasopressin D.    CRH E.    TSH 20.    Referred  pain A.    is  the  perception  of  pain  in  the  arm  for  example,  even  though  it  originates  from an  internal  organ. B.    is  thought  to  occur  as  neurons  from  an  organ  converge  on  the  secondary neurons  used  to  process    information  from  the  skin. C.    is  thought  to  occur  as  neurons  from  an  organ  converge  on  the  thalamic  neurons that  are  connected  to  skin  receptors. D.    A  and  B E.    A  and  C 21.    You  learnt  about  inhibitory  axo-­‐axonic  connections  that  alter  the  activity  of  a  specific  pre-­‐synaptic terminal.    This  is  shown  below  as  neuron  "I"  talks  to  a  presynaptic  terminal  (x)  of  neuron  M. Neuron  M  controls  two  targets  -­‐  Ta  and  Tb.    While  M  talks  to  Tb,  a  third  neuron,  E,  provides  an excitatory  axo-­‐axonic  connection,  to  the  presynaptic  terminal  (y)  communicating  with  Tb.  Given this  network,  which  of  the  statements  below  is  INCORRECT? A.    Both  neurons  M  and  E  need  to  fire  for  E  to  enhance  activity  of  'y.' B.    If  M  and  I  fire,  Tb  would  exhibit  activity. C.    All  three  neurons,  M,  E  and  I  need  to  fire  for  E  to  enhance  activity  of  'y.' D.    Activation  of  either  E  or  I  alone  will  not  affect  activity  in  Ta  or  Tb. E.    If  only  M  fires,  activity  in  both  Ta  and  Tb  is  observed. Page  2,  v3 30.    The  somatosensory  cortex A.    lies  immediately  in  front  of  the  central  sulcus B.    sends  axons  down  into  the  spinal  cord  that  synapse  with  motor  neurons C.    alters  sensory  information  into  movement D.    clusters  all  sensory  information  together  to  create  a  map  of  our  external surroundings. E.    clusters  all  of  the  somatosensory  information  from  one  region  of  the  body  (say finger  tip)  into  one  area  of  the  cortex. 31.    During  an  action  potential  the  direction  of  ion  flow  depends  on A.    voltage-­‐gated  Na+  or  K+  channels B.    the  cell's  permeability  to  each  ion  changing  in  a  'feedforward'  process C.    a  change  in  passive  channel  activity D.    the  cell's  membrane  potential  (e.g.  P  values) E.    concentration  and  electrical  gradients 32.    Grade  potentials  have  all  of  the  following  properties  EXCEPT: A.    Diminish  over  distance B.    Depolarizing C.    Hyperpolarizing D.    Have  a  specific  threshold E.    Diminish  over  time 33.    The  site  where  an  individual  neuron  most  often  integrates  information  is A.    the  dendrites B.    the  axon  terminal C.    the  cell  body D.    the  trigger  zone E.    the  chemical  synapse 34.    Which  of  the  following  statements  about  the  somatosensory  system  is  FALSE? A.    Sensory  modalities  start  as  separate  information  lines  and  remain  so  all  the  way to  the  somatosensory  cortex. B.    Special  connective  tissue  endings    are  often  used  by  a  sensory  neuron  to  help detect  a  particular  kind  of  stimulus. C.    The  receptive  field  of  different  types  of  sensory  receptors  often  overlap  within  a given  skin  region. D.    An  adequate  stimulus  is  the  amount  of  stimulus  required  to  initiate  a  receptor potential. E.    Tonic  and  phasic  receptors  send  separate  information  about  the  duration  of  a stimulus. 35.    Neuronal  function  is  tightly  linked  to  the  kind  of  channel  being  used.    Which  of  the  following  is NOT  correctly  matched? A.    EPSP  ;     ligand  gated  channel B.    resting  membrane  potential  ;  passive  channel C.    synaptic  vesicle  release  ;  passive  channel. D.    IPSP  ;  ligand  gated  channel E.    action  potential  ;  voltage  gated  channel Page  5,  v3 36. What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? A. cushion the brain during physical impact. B. protect  the  brain  from  harmful  substances  in  the  blood. C. keep neurohormones levels high within  the  brain. D. keep oxygen levels high within the brain. E. keep glucose levels high within the brain. 37. Steroid  hormones A. are  exocytosed  from  the  cell  after  being  processed  in  the  Golgi. B. must  bind  to  a  cell  surface  receptor  to  activate  nuclear  transcription. C. are  derivatives  of  cholesterol  that  diffuse  out  of  a  cell  after  synthesis. D. can  only  travel  in  the  blood    as  a  soluble  ligand E. are  synthesized  on  ribosomes  attached  to  the  ER 38. Which  of  the  following  is  TRUE? A. Cerebral  spinal  fluid  is  more  similar  to  plasma  than  to  interstitial  fluid. B. The  blood  brain  barrier  involves  gap  junctions  between  the  endothelial  cells  of the  capillaries. C. Cerebral  spinal  fluid  is  produced  by  ependymal  cells  lining  the  ventricles. D. The  ventricles  are  filled  with  blood. E. The  cerebral  spinal  fluid    is  returned  to  general  circulation  through  the  blood brain  barrier. 39. The  following  diagram  of  the  hypothalamus-­‐pituitary  axis  shows  two  neurons  (A  &  B)  with  axon projections  as  indicated,  and  a  third  cell  C.    Which  of  the  following  statements  is  CORRECT? A. Neuron  A  could  produce  prolactin  releasing  factor  (PRF)  which  then  regulates cell  C's    secretion  of  prolactin  into  general  circulation. B. Neuron  A  could  produce  ADH  and  secrete  it  into  general  circulation  in  the posterior  pituitary. C. Neuron  B  could  produce  vasopressin  and  release  it  into  the  portal  system  where it  then  enters  general  circulation  in  the  posterior  pituitary. D. Neuron  B  could  make  TRH  which  in  turn  regulates  cell  C's  secretion  of  ACTH into  general  circulation. E. Cell  C,  an  endocrine  cell,  could  produce  very  large  amounts  of  oxytocin  that enters  general  circulation  in  the  anterior  pituitary. Page  6,  v3 40.    The  diagram  below  depicts  a  cell  with  a  negative  resting  membrane  potential.  Ion  X  is  distributed such  that  it  is  ten  times  more  concentrated  inside  then  outside  of  the  cell.    Ion  Y  has  an  equal concentration  on  each  side  of  the  membrane.    Based  on  this  diagram  which  statement  below  is CORRECT? A.    For  Y,  the  chemical  gradient  tends  to  force  Y  out  of  the  cell  but  this  is counteracted  by  the  electrical  gradient. B.    Both  electrical  and  chemical  gradients  tend  to  move  Y  into  the  cell. C.    For  X,  the  chemical  gradient  tends  to  force  X  out  of  the  cell  but  this  is counteracted  by  the  electrical  gradient  keeping  X  in  the  cell. D.    For  X,  the  chemical  gradient  tends  to  force  X  into  the  cell  but  this  is counteracted  by  the  electrical  gradient  pushing  X  out  of  the  cell. E.    Both  electrical  and  chemical  gradients  tend  to  move  X  out  of  the  cell. 41.    Peptide  hormones A.    are  secreted  into  the  blood  after  being  attached  to  cholesterol. B.    are  derived  from  amino  acids  such  as  tyrosine  or  tryptophan. C.    are  digested  into  small  peptides  in  the  cytosol  and  then  pumped  into  vesicles. D.    are  derived  from  a  preprohormone  translated  on  a  ribosome  attached  to  the  ER. E.    are  secreted  as  prohormones  that  are  processed  into  a  mature  hormone  in  the blood 42.    Based  on  the  following  diagram  of  a  spinal  cord  cross-­‐section  which  statement  is  FALSE? A.    The  cell  bodies  of  sensory  neurons  lie  in  area  f. B.    The  area  labeled  a  is  the  dorsal  horn. C.    The  ventral  root  is  labeled  g. D.    Area  e  is  one  place  where  axons  ascend  to  the  brain. E.    The  cell  bodies  of  motor  neurons  lie  in  area  b. 43.    What  does  the  Goldman-­‐Hodgkin-­‐Katz  equation  take  into  account  that  the  Nernst  equation  does NOT? A.    the  temperature  of  the  system B.    the  electrical  charge  of  the  ions C.    the  size  of  the  ions D.    the  solubility  of  the  ions E.    the  permeability  of  the  ions Page  7,  v3 Answer  Key  for  Test  “draft  1  F22”,  9/16/22 No.  in Q-­‐Bank No.  on Test Correct  Answer 8 64 1 A 9 121 2 A 7 21 3 B 9 171 4 A 7 19 5 A 10 116 6 B 9 174 7 B 9 9 8 B 10 9 9 B 8 25 10 B 9 194 11 B 10 60 12 B 7 155 13 B 8 172 14 A 8 37 15 A 6 26 16 E 10 114 17 A 8 254 18 D 7 144 19 D 10 41 20 D 8 289 21 C 8 303 22 D 9 69 23 C 8 320 24 D 8 107 25 D 7 157 26 A 9 198 27 E 8 201 28 E 8 317 29 C 10 88 30 E 8 308 31 E 8 304 32 D 8 54 33 D 10 123 34 D 8 321 35 C 9 200 36 B 7 54 37 C 9 211 38 C 7 97 39 B 8 113 40 C 7 52 41 D 9 63 42 D 8 224 43 E 7 152 44 A 8 307 45 B Page  1,  v3 For Q 26 - accepted A but also E based on semantics Answer  Key  for  Test  “draft  1  F22”,  9/16/22 No.  in Q-­‐Bank No.  on Test Correct  Answer 8 311 46 A 10 97 47 D 8 312 48 B 8 258 49 B 7 132 50 C Page  2,  v3