Understanding Consciousness and Sleep: Terms, Definitions, and Theories, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 consciousness DEFINITION 1 our awareness of ourselves and our environment TERM 2 dual processing DEFINITION 2 the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks TERM 3 visual perception track DEFINITION 3 enables us to recognize things and plan future actions TERM 4 visual action track DEFINITION 4 guides moment-to-moment actions; (example of visual perception track and visual action track colliding is the hollow face illusion) TERM 5 unconscious parallel processing DEFINITION 5 is like running on auto-pilot; frees your conscious mind to deal with new challenges (example: driving on a familiar route) TERM 6 serial conscious processing DEFINITION 6 for solving new problems, requires focused attention (example: move right foot in counterclockwise circle, write #3 with right hand repeatedly at the same time) TERM 7 selective attention DEFINITION 7 focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus (compared to flashlight beam) TERM 8 cocktail party effect DEFINITION 8 demonstrates selective attention; ability to attend to only one voice/sound among many TERM 9 inattentional blindness DEFINITION 9 failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere (ex: focusing so much on game that nobody saw the gorilla) TERM 10 change blindness DEFINITION 10 failing to notice changes in the environment (ex: focusing on giving directions to someone and not noticing different shirt colors) TERM 21 Stage 4 sleep DEFINITION 21 more delta waves; last roughly 30 min; hard to awaken; (children sleepwalk or wet bed at end of stage 4); occurs early in the night TERM 22 effects of sleep loss DEFINITION 22 body holds sleep debt; weight gain (increases hunger- arousing hormone ghrelin and decreases hunger-suppressing hormone leptin); more likely to get sick by suppression of immune cells; irritability, slowed performance, and impaired creativity, concentration & communication TERM 23 sleep theories DEFINITION 23 Sleep protects (cavemen--dark is more dangerous), helps us recuperate (restores/repairs brain tissue), makes memories, feeds creative thinking, may play a role in growth process TERM 24 insomnia DEFINITION 24 persistent problems in falling or staying asleep TERM 25 narcolepsy DEFINITION 25 characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; may lapse directly into REM sleep TERM 26 sleep apnea DEFINITION 26 temporary cessations of breathing during sleep, repeated momentary awakenings; associated with old fat men, snoring can be a sign TERM 27 night terrors DEFINITION 27 high arousal and appearance of being terrified; occur during stage 4 and seldom remembered TERM 28 dreams DEFINITION 28 sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind; notable for hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for dreamer's delusional acceptance of the contintent and later difficulties remembering it TERM 29 Freud's wish fulfillment theory DEFINITION 29 dreams provide a psychic safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings; believed dreams to be traced back to erotic wishes TERM 30 manifest content DEFINITION 30 remembered storyline, censored, symbolic version of latent content TERM 31 latent content DEFINITION 31 unconscious drives/wishes that would be threatening if expressed directly TERM 32 REM rebound DEFINITION 32 tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation TERM 33 theories for why we dream DEFINITION 33 Freud's wish-fulfillment, information processing, development/preservation of neural pathways, to make sense of neural static (activation-synthesis theory), cognitive development, and REM rebound TERM 34 activation-synthesis theory DEFINITION 34 neural activity is random, dreams are brain's attempt to make sense of it TERM 35 hypnosis DEFINITION 35 social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur TERM 46 depressants DEFINITION 46 drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions (barbiturates and opiates) TERM 47 barbiturates DEFINITION 47 depressant: (tranquilizers) depress activity of central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement; mimic effects of alcohol (examples: Nembutal, Seconal, Amytal--prescribed for sleep or anxiety problems) TERM 48 opiates DEFINITION 48 depressant: opium & its derivatives (morphine & heroin); depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain/anxiety TERM 49 stimulants DEFINITION 49 drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions (increase heart/breathing rates, pupils dilate, appetite decreases due to blood sugar increase, energy and self- confidence are raised); amphetamine, methamphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy TERM 50 Amphetamines DEFINITION 50 stimulate neural activity, causing sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes (adderall) TERM 51 methamphetamine DEFINITION 51 powerfully addictive drug that stimulates CNS; over time reduces baseline dopamine levels (crystal meth, cocaine, heroin) TERM 52 Ecstasy DEFINITION 52 (MDMA): synthetic stimulant/mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and long-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition (dehydrating effect can lead to severe overheating; suppresses immune system, impairs memory, slows thought, disrupts sleep) TERM 53 Hallucinogens DEFINITION 53 distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; aka "psychedelics" = "mind-manifesting" TERM 54 LSD DEFINITION 54 Lysergic acid diethylamide; effects similar to those of near- death-experiences TERM 55 THC DEFINITION 55 delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol; main ingredient in weed; amp TERM 56 behavior genetics DEFINITION 56 the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior TERM 57 chromosomes DEFINITION 57 threadlike structures of DNA molecules that contain the genes ("book chapters") TERM 58 DNA DEFINITION 58 complex molecule containing genetic information that makes up chromosomes TERM 59 Genes DEFINITION 59 biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein ("words" in a chapter); you can have active (turned "on" by environmental events) and inactive TERM 60 identical twins DEFINITION 60 same egg (monozygotic) that splits in 2 TERM 71 aggression DEFINITION 71 physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone TERM 72 x-chromosome DEFINITION 72 sex chromosome in boys & girls; X from each parent = girl TERM 73 y-chromosome DEFINITION 73 found only in boys TERM 74 testosterone DEFINITION 74 most important male sex hormone; stimulates prenatal sex organ growth and male sex characteristics during puberty TERM 75 gender role DEFINITION 75 set of expected behaviors for men/women TERM 76 gender identity DEFINITION 76 sense of being male or female TERM 77 gender typing DEFINITION 77 acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role TERM 78 social learning theory DEFINITION 78 we learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and being rewarded or punished (big boys don't cry Alex!)