Personality and Psychology: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Organization Behaviour

Download Personality and Psychology: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Organization Behaviour in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Personality DEFINITION 1 the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others. TERM 2 Personality Traits DEFINITION 2 enduring characteristics that describe an individual's behavior. TERM 3 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator DEFINITION 3 personality test the taps 4 characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types. TERM 4 Extraversion DEFINITION 4 a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive. TERM 5 Agreeableness DEFINITION 5 a personality dimension that describes someone who is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting. TERM 6 Conscientiousness DEFINITION 6 A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized. TERM 7 Emotional stability DEFINITION 7 A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure (positive) vs nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative). TERM 8 Openness to experience DEFINITION 8 A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity. TERM 9 Core self-evaluation DEFINITION 9 Degree to which individuals like or dislike the themselves, whether they see themselves as capable and effective, and whether they feel they are in control of their environment or powerless over their environment. TERM 10 Self-esteem DEFINITION 10 Individuals' degree of liking or disliking themselves and the degree to which they think they are worthy or unworthy as a person. TERM 21 terminal values DEFINITION 21 Desirable end-states of existence; the goals that a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime. TERM 22 instrumental values DEFINITION 22 Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one's terminal values. TERM 23 power distance DEFINITION 23 A national culture attribute describing the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. TERM 24 individualism DEFINITION 24 A national culture attribute describing the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups. TERM 25 collectivism DEFINITION 25 A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them. TERM 26 masculinity DEFINITION 26 A national culture attribute describing the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism. TERM 27 femininity DEFINITION 27 A national culture attribute that has little differentiation between male and female roles, where women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of society of the society. TERM 28 uncertainty avoidance DEFINITION 28 A national culture attribute describing the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them. TERM 29 long-term orientation DEFINITION 29 A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence. TERM 30 short-term orientation DEFINITION 30 A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect, respect for tradition, and fulfilling social obligations. TERM 31 personality-job fit theory DEFINITION 31 Identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover. TERM 32 perception DEFINITION 32 A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. TERM 33 attribution theory DEFINITION 33 An attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. TERM 34 fundamental attribution error DEFINITION 34 Thetendencyto underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors whenmakingjudgements about the behavior of others. TERM 35 self-serving bias DEFINITION 35 The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors. TERM 46 rational decision-making model DEFINITION 46 A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome. TERM 47 creativity DEFINITION 47 The ability to produce novel and useful ideas. TERM 48 three-component model of creativity DEFINITION 48 The proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative-thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation. TERM 49 bounded rationality DEFINITION 49 Making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity. TERM 50 anchoring bias DEFINITION 50 Atendencyto fixate on initial information, from which we then fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. TERM 51 confirmation bias DEFINITION 51 The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts pastjudgments. TERM 52 availability bias DEFINITION 52 Thetendencyfor people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them. TERM 53 representative bias DEFINITION 53 assessing the likelihood of anoccurrence by inappropriately considering the currentsituationalidentical to ones in the past. TERM 54 escalation of commitment DEFINITION 54 An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information. TERM 55 randomness error DEFINITION 55 the tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events TERM 56 winner's curse DEFINITION 56 A decision-making dictum that argues that the winning participants in an auction typically pay too much for the winning item. TERM 57 hindsight bias DEFINITION 57 The tendency for us to believe falsely that we'd have accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after that outcome is actually known. TERM 58 intuitive decision making DEFINITION 58 An unconscious process created out of distilled experience. TERM 59 utilitarianism DEFINITION 59 Decisions made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number TERM 60 whistle-blowers DEFINITION 60 individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders. TERM 71 need for power DEFINITION 71 The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. TERM 72 need for affiliation DEFINITION 72 The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships. TERM 73 cognitive evaluation theory DEFINITION 73 A theory stating that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation. TERM 74 self-concordance DEFINITION 74 The degree to which a person's reasons for pursuing a goal is consistent with the person's interests and core values TERM 75 goal-setting theory DEFINITION 75 The theory that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance. TERM 76 Management By Objectives (MBO) DEFINITION 76 A program thatencompassesspecific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress. TERM 77 self-efficacy DEFINITION 77 The individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. TERM 78 reinforcement theory DEFINITION 78 A theory that behavior is a function of its consequences. TERM 79 equity theory DEFINITION 79 A theory that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities. TERM 80 distributive justice DEFINITION 80 Perceivedfairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals. TERM 81 organizational justice DEFINITION 81 An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, compromised ofdistributive,procedural, and interactional justice. TERM 82 procedural justice DEFINITION 82 Theperceivedfairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards. TERM 83 interactional justice DEFINITION 83 Perceived degree to which an individual is treated with dignity, concern, and respect. TERM 84 expectancy theory DEFINITION 84 The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be be followed by given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.