Sociology Terms: Marriage, Family, Religion, Economy, and Education, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

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TERM 1 endogamy DEFINITION 1 marriage from within one's social group TERM 2 exogamy DEFINITION 2 marriage from outside one's social group TERM 3 monogamy DEFINITION 3 the practice of having only one partner or spouse TERM 4 polygamy DEFINITION 4 the practice of having more than one partner or spouse at a time TERM 5 polyandry DEFINITION 5 the practice of having multiple husbands simultaneously TERM 6 polygyny DEFINITION 6 the practice of having multiple wives simultaneously TERM 7 nuclear family DEFINITION 7 familial form consisting of a father, mother, and their biological children TERM 8 extended family DEFINITION 8 familial networks that extend outside or beyond the home (includes multigenerational households) TERM 9 cohabitation DEFINITION 9 living together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning TERM 10 kinship networks DEFINITION 10 strings of relationships between people related by blood (preindustrial families - early 19th century). The lack of social organization meant that individuals had to rely on their extended family for financial help, childcare and other necessities TERM 21 innumeracy DEFINITION 21 having insufficient mathematical skills to function in society TERM 22 human capital DEFINITION 22 knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable TERM 23 hidden curriculum DEFINITION 23 the nonacademic socialization and training that takes place in the schooling system TERM 24 social capital DEFINITION 24 any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others. For example, some sociologists hypothesize that the closeness of the Catholic community reinforces among teachers, parents, and students behaviors and norms that are conducive to learning TERM 25 tracking DEFINITION 25 a way of dividing students into different classes by ability or future plans TERM 26 Pygmalion effect or self-fulfilling prophecy DEFINITION 26 process that occurs when behavior is modified to meet preexisting expectations TERM 27 best practices DEFINITION 27 teaching methods supported by extensive research TERM 28 credentialism DEFINITION 28 an overemphasis on credential (e.g.,college degrees) for signaling social status or qualifications for a job TERM 29 affirmative action DEFINITION 29 a set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population - typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities TERM 30 social class or socioeconomic status (SES) DEFINITION 30 an individual's position in a stratified social order. Higher SES linked to more opportunities and better outcomes: Higher graduation rates, Higher GPA outcomes, Higher standardized test scores TERM 31 cultural capital DEFINITION 31 cultural and social class resources that people inherit and use to their advantage in various situations. 3 types: Embodied (Contained within an individual, like an ability), Objectified (Centered in a material object, like a piano), Institutionalized (Formalized cultural capital, like education) TERM 32 stereotype threat DEFINITION 32 occurs when members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes TERM 33 resource dilution model DEFINITION 33 hypothesis stating that parental resources are finite and that each additional child dilutes them TERM 34 vouchers DEFINITION 34 coupons administered by the government that may be redeemed at any school, private or public TERM 35 civil religion DEFINITION 35 a set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture TERM 46 sacred canopy DEFINITION 46 Peter Berger's term to describe the entire set of religious norms, symbols, and beliefs that express the most important thing in life - namely, the feeling that life is worth living, reality is meaningful and ordered, and not the random chaos of the stars TERM 47 Evangelicals DEFINITION 47 members of any Protestant denomination distinguished by four main beliefs: The Bible is without error, salvation comes only through belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversation is the only path to salvation (the "born again" experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize by engaging with wider society TERM 48 Fundamentalists DEFINITION 48 religious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Qur'an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning TERM 49 religious experience DEFINITION 49 an individual's experience of spiritual feelings and acts TERM 50 reflexive spirituality DEFINITION 50 contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works TERM 51 supernatural compensators DEFINITION 51 rewards that come in the form of promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven TERM 52 Megachurch DEFINITION 52 typically, a conservative Protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshippers per week TERM 53 churches DEFINITION 53 religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream or "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population TERM 54 sects or sectarian groups DEFINITION 54 high-tension organizations that don't fit in so well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged - outcasts, minorities, or the poor - because they renounce worldly pleasure by stressing otherworldly promises. Often have more extreme beliefs and consider themselves true believers TERM 55 cult DEFINITION 55 religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore is not as smoothly swept into the sect-church cycle. Smaller than sects. Example: Heaven's Gate TERM 56 modernization DEFINITION 56 The removal of religion from key social institutions (e.g., education, government, and the economy) TERM 57 creative class DEFINITION 57 group of workers in multiple industries united by the fact that creativity is central to their productive work TERM 58 capitalism DEFINITION 58 economic system in which property and goods are owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in a free market TERM 59 feudalism DEFINITION 59 economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs TERM 60 agricultural revolution DEFINITION 60 the introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production TERM 71 communism DEFINITION 71 a political ideology of a classless society, in which the means of production are shared through state ownership and in which rewards are not tied to productivity but need TERM 72 family wage DEFINITION 72 a wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children TERM 73 service sector DEFINITION 73 economic activity that involves providing an intangible service. Includes restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal or financial advice, computer tech support, and deep-tissue massages TERM 74 champagne-glass distribution DEFINITION 74 the shape of the unequal, global distribution of income TERM 75 juristic person DEFINITION 75 an entity that has all the legal rights, duties, and responsibilities of natural persons (often a corporation, such as Wal-Mart, Apple, etc.) TERM 76 monopoly DEFINITION 76 occurs when there's only one seller of a good or service in the market, leading to zero competition TERM 77 oligopoly DEFINITION 77 occurs when only a handful of firms exist in a particular market TERM 78 political arbitrage DEFINITION 78 the use of insider political knowledge to earn profits TERM 79 offshoring DEFINITION 79 a business decision to move all or part of a company's operations overseas to minimize costs TERM 80 union DEFINITION 80 the organization that forms when workers formally unite with the common aim of collective bargaining TERM 81 union busting DEFINITION 81 what happens when a company launches an assault on its workers' union, such as refusing to negotiate or renew a union contract