Understanding Language and Communication: A Comprehensive Overview, Quizzes of Communication and Development studies

Download Understanding Language and Communication: A Comprehensive Overview and more Quizzes Communication and Development studies in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What does language consist of? DEFINITION 1 symbols TERM 2 symbols DEFINITION 2 a word, sound, visual device that represents an image, sound, concept, or experience TERM 3 referent DEFINITION 3 a thing a symbol represents TERM 4 What are the rules of language use? DEFINITION 4 1. Phonological level2. Syntactic level3. Semantic level4. Pragmatic Level TERM 5 Phonological level DEFINITION 5 -talked about least often-how we pronounce words-how sounds of words are generated TERM 6 Syntactic level DEFINITION 6 -The arrangement of symbols/letters in what makes a word- How the words are arranged to make a sentence TERM 7 Semantic level DEFINITION 7 -Meaning we attach to words/symbols and what those words/symbols do-connotative and denotative meanings TERM 8 What are the 2 types of meaning of the semantic level? DEFINITION 8 Denotative- definition from a dictionaryConnotative- emotionally charged meaning based on context. can lead to a lot of miscommunication TERM 9 Pragmatic level DEFINITION 9 -concerns appropriateness of use of symbols and rules in a given circumstance TERM 10 What are the levels of language in context? DEFINITION 10 1. Individual level2. Relational level3. Group level4. Societal level TERM 21 divergence DEFINITION 21 make self seem different from other person TERM 22 Code systems DEFINITION 22 -way of communicating, language TERM 23 What are the 2 qualities of code systems? DEFINITION 23 1. set of elements that comprise the code Ex: letters, sounds2. Rules for patterning the rules together Ex: vowels in words TERM 24 What are the 4 code types? DEFINITION 24 Verbal vocalverbal non-vocalnonverbal vocalnonverbal nonvocal TERM 25 Verbal DEFINITION 25 words TERM 26 Vocal DEFINITION 26 voice TERM 27 Verbal vocal DEFINITION 27 use of voice and wordstalking TERM 28 verbal non-vocal DEFINITION 28 use of words, no voicewriting, sign language, morse code TERM 29 nonverbal vocal DEFINITION 29 no words, voicevocal qualifiers: laughing, screaming, crying TERM 30 nonverbal nonvocal DEFINITION 30 no words no voicebody language TERM 31 The universal characteristics of verbal codes DEFINITION 31 1. specialization2. productivity3. displacement4. evanescence5. arbitrariness6. cultural transmission TERM 32 specialization DEFINITION 32 primary purpose of language is to communicate TERM 33 productivity (aka openness or creativity) DEFINITION 33 creation of new words/meanings over timeex: sexting, facebook stalking TERM 34 displacement DEFINITION 34 language refers to past, present, and future tenseswe can talk about all aspects of time TERM 35 evanescence DEFINITION 35 verbal codes can fade away with time TERM 46 polarization DEFINITION 46 verbal cues made to describe extremeswe only have descriptive words for opposites, not for in the middle TERM 47 intentional orientation DEFINITION 47 tendency to think about people objects or events in ways they're talked about or labeled instead of how they exist or operateextension orientation:NOT A BARRIER, IT'S WHAT WE SHOULD DO BUT DON'Tconsider the object, person, or event first before we consider the label that's attached to itopen mind TERM 48 fact-inference confusion DEFINITION 48 sometimes inference is confused as factfact: made after another observation limited to what is observed made only by the observer about past/present NOT future verifiableinference: beyond an observation made by anyone past, present, future involve varying probability can't be verified but doesn't mean it's always false TERM 49 allness DEFINITION 49 tendency for us to think we know everything about something TERM 50 static evaluation DEFINITION 50 failure to recognize changeex: still looking at son as a baby even though he's married TERM 51 indiscrimination DEFINITION 51 stimulus generalizationhow is this person like others in the same group?doesn't look at the individual TERM 52 Nonverbal communication DEFINITION 52 all behaviors other than spoken words that communicates messages and creates shared meaning between people TERM 53 The principles of nonverbal communication DEFINITION 53 1. ambiguous (interpret things differently)2. Regulates conversation3. More believable than verbal communication4. May conflict with verbal communication TERM 54 types of visual codes DEFINITION 54 1. kinesic cues2. physical appearance3. facial cues TERM 55 Kinesic cues DEFINITION 55 has to do with movement5 types: illustrators, affect displays, regulators, emblems, and adaptors TERM 56 illustrators DEFINITION 56 don't make sense without verbal cuesgestures TERM 57 affect displays DEFINITION 57 indicate emotional statesoften shown in face TERM 58 regulators DEFINITION 58 make communication longer or shorter TERM 59 emblems DEFINITION 59 vary in different cultures but the function means the same thingex: insult gestures TERM 60 adaptors DEFINITION 60 object adaptors: touch something when nervousself adaptors: touch own body when nervous TERM 71 playfulness DEFINITION 71 attempt to lighten moodpunch on shoulder TERM 72 control DEFINITION 72 to assert authority or gain compliance TERM 73 ritualistic DEFINITION 73 greeting or departual ritualshandshake, hug TERM 74 tasks DEFINITION 74 done to complete a task/jobdoctors, dentists have to touch you to do their job TERM 75 hybrid DEFINITION 75 combination of the other types of touches TERM 76 accidental DEFINITION 76 unintentionalelevator, crowded party TERM 77 place codes DEFINITION 77 based on where you are TERM 78 the environment DEFINITION 78 colorlightingroom design etc. TERM 79 time codes DEFINITION 79 chronemicsbased on time TERM 80 chronemics DEFINITION 80 the use of time that is culturally distinct TERM 81 The three types of chronemics DEFINITION 81 1. technical time2. formal time3. informal time TERM 82 technical time DEFINITION 82 scientific precise measurement of timeex: US Navy keeps exact time TERM 83 formal time DEFINITION 83 a way a culture divides its calendar and measures time on a routine and daily basistaught as a young kidex: 12 months a year, 7 days a week, holidays, etc. TERM 84 Informal Time DEFINITION 84 time that's learned through trial and errorSometimes negotiableWe learn this over time. We're not taught it as a kidIncludes monochronemic/polychronemic culturesIncludes displaced/diffused time TERM 85 Monochronemic culture DEFINITION 85 complete one task at a time before moving on to the next taskex: USA TERM 96 Home territorial DEFINITION 96 Private territoriesex: bedroom, dorm, home TERM 97 Body territorial DEFINITION 97 Personal self TERM 98 Hall's types of personal distance DEFINITION 98 1. Public distance2. Social distance3. Personal Distance4. Intimate Distance TERM 99 Public Distance DEFINITION 99 12 feet or greaterpublic speaking, large audiences TERM 100 Social Distance DEFINITION 100 4 to 12 feetAt first, Hall said this was for business interactions. Now, the is mainly just for business meetings. Most business interactions occur at personal distance TERM 101 Personal Distance DEFINITION 101 1.5 to 4 feetcasual conversations TERM 102 Intimate Distance DEFINITION 102 0 to 1.5 feetaffectionate behaviors TERM 103 Types of nonverbal codes DEFINITION 103 1. Kinesic (visual)2. Paralanguage (auditory)3. Haptics (touch)4. Place (environment)5. Chronemics (time)6. Proxemics (space)7. Natural (body type, physiogamy)8. Artifactural (objects) TERM 104 Assumptions of nonverbal communication DEFINITION 104 Adjustments to nonverbal behaviors can be strategic.We make decisions regarding nonverbal behavior with respect to our own and others behavior. TERM 105 2 Theories of Nonverbal Communication DEFINITION 105 1. Equilibrium Theory2. Expectancy Violations Theory TERM 106 Equilibrium Theory DEFINITION 106 -By Argyle-Any relationship can be plotted on a scale showing a degree of intimacy-It looks at the approach- avoidance ratio-Maintenance involves adjusting your nonverbal behaviors -Distance and eye contact -Ex: Walking down a sidewalk towards someone-Used to counterbalance each other in a subconscious attempt to maintain equilibrium TERM 107 Expectancy Violations Theory DEFINITION 107 -By Burgoon-We have communication goals and communication expectations-Our expectations about communication influence our judgements about other's communication TERM 108 Important principles of of Expectancy Violations Theory DEFINITION 108 1. Communicators develop expectations2. Violations of communication expectations are arousing/distracting3. We interpret violations as good or bad4. Violation reactions are a function of: -the evaluation of the enacted behavior - the direction of the discrepancy between expected and enacted -The magnitude of the discrepancy5. Positive violations produce a more favorable outcome and negative violations produce a more unfavorable one TERM 109 Packaging DEFINITION 109 how verbal and nonverbal interact TERM 110 The six types of packaging DEFINITION 110 1. Repeating2. Emphasizing3. Regulating4. Complementing5. Contradicting6. Substituting TERM 121 Artifactual codes DEFINITION 121 artifact is an objectuse of objects in order to communicateIt has communicative value in three ways: 1. It communicates directly 2. It defines the communication context 3. It can guide social behavior TERM 122 The 2 types of spaces DEFINITION 122 1. sociofugal: keeps people apart ex: think of class where all the desks are facing forward or gated community2. sociopetal: brings people together ex: class where desks are facing each other TERM 123 3 types of artifactual codes DEFINITION 123 1. fixed: permanent, difficult to change2. semi-fixed: more easily changed but takes a lot of time or money to do so3. personal: belongings, books, jewelry, clothes, etc. TERM 124 Listening DEFINITION 124 Listening is the dynamic transactional process of receiving aural stimuli TERM 125 Components of listening DEFINITION 125 -It's an aural activity-Includes receiving information, making sense of the information, and being able to retrieve it-differs from hearing-differs from general perceptual process-differs from memory TERM 126 5 stages of listening DEFINITION 126 1. hearing2. attending (focus on the stimuli)3. understanding (assign meaning to stimuli)4. remembering (putting noise and evaluation of noise to memory. Controversial because some say this shouldn't be a stage.)5. Responding (provide feedback) TERM 127 4 stages of listening (West and Turner) DEFINITION 127 1. Receiving (acknowledge the message)2. Recalling (remember essence of message)3. Rating (Evaluate the message and assign meaning)4. Responding (provide feedback) TERM 128 Why is listening important? DEFINITION 128 -We do it often-We listen poorly (Immediate efficiency is 50% and efficiency after 48 hours is 25%)-Much of our knowledge is gained through listening TERM 129 Corporate employees DEFINITION 129 (As position status increases so does time spent listening)writing: 9%reading: 32%speaking: 30%listening: 45% TERM 130 k-8 students DEFINITION 130 writing: 30%reading: 52%speaking: 10%listening: 8% TERM 131 College students DEFINITION 131 writing: 14%reading: 17%speaking: 16%listening: 53% TERM 132 Types of listening DEFINITION 132 1. informative2. deliberative3. emphatic4. active TERM 133 Informative listening DEFINITION 133 looking for factsdoesn't matter who speaker is TERM 134 deliberative listening DEFINITION 134 acquire and process between good and bad informationspeaker doesn't really matter that much TERM 135 emphatic listening DEFINITION 135 listening to how someone is feeling TERM 146 Leveling DEFINITION 146 We lose detail by only remembering the bare skeleton of the content.-Only remembering the "important" details TERM 147 How to improve listening DEFINITION 147 1. Active listening2. Meanings3. Empathy4. Critical listening5. Open mind TERM 148 Active listening DEFINITION 148 -When we paraphrase, ask questions, judge, and look for the mood of the speaker-Dont to make sure you understand TERM 149 Meanings DEFINITION 149 1. Content meaning: what's actually being said2. Emotional meaning: How person feels and the emotion the content makes you feel3. Relational meaning: What does the content say about your relationship with the person? TERM 150 Empathy DEFINITION 150 doesn't mean you agree with them but you do understand where that person is coming from TERM 151 Critical listening DEFINITION 151 -Being able to identify the speaker's bias-Not just accepting everythingOne of the hardest to overcome TERM 152 Open Mind DEFINITION 152 By thinking that in every communication event, you can get something out of itOne of the hardest to overcome TERM 153 Good listening habits DEFINITION 153 1. Silent listening2. Questioning3. Paraphrase4. Empathizing5. Supporting6. Evaluating7. Advising TERM 154 Emotions DEFINITION 154 -Fundamental states. Commonly thought of as observable behaviors, expressed feelings, changes in the body state.- Critical internal structure that orients us and engages us with what matters in our lives-Some scholars argue that emotions only involve 1 person's feelings. Others says there has to be a relationship TERM 155 Relationship between emotions to self and perception processes DEFINITION 155 1. Information: the information about ourselves can encourage the display of 1 emotion or another2. Orientation: Our perceptual filters, things that come to our attention guide what emotion will be provoked3. Motivation: - facilitative: contribute to effective life functioning. happiness. -debilitative: hinder/prevent performance TERM 156 Basic dimensions of emotions DEFINITION 156 1. Valence: positive/negative emotions2. activity: passive/active emotions. what emotions promote3. intensity: weak/strong TERM 157 Importance of emotions DEFINITION 157 1. survival2. decision making3. predicting behavior4. boundary setting5. communication6. unity TERM 158 Features of emotions DEFINITION 158 1. subjectivity2. adaptive response3. physiological change4. thought interruption5. behavioral expression6. valence7. intensity-------------------8. Primary or secondary TERM 159 Theoretical approaches to emotion DEFINITION 159 1. common sense approach2. James-Lange Theory3. Cognitive View/ Two factor Theory TERM 160 Common Sense Approach DEFINITION 160 environmental influencepsychological experienceemotion