Phenotype & Genetics: Exploring Genotype, Environment & Expression, Quizzes of Biology

Download Phenotype & Genetics: Exploring Genotype, Environment & Expression and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What are the different components of a phenotype? DEFINITION 1 genotypeenvironmentgenotype and environmental interactions TERM 2 Role of environment in determining phenotype? DEFINITION 2 The way the environment interacts with genotype can change the way genes are expressed which is what determines phenotype. TERM 3 Role of Genotype in determining phenotype? DEFINITION 3 the genes that are in your genotype act as a set of instructions for how the organism should be expressed TERM 4 How can personal actions influence phenotypes? DEFINITION 4 Things we encounter, do and eat can affect our gene expression. This is prevalent in methyl tags that are formed by personal actions that can turn on/off different parts of a gene which will change the phenotype of the organism TERM 5 How does methylation influence gene expression? DEFINITION 5 It can turn on and turn off different parts of a gene causing it to be read differently. TERM 6 How does the environment affect gene expression? DEFINITION 6 In the case of humans, if a human lives in a cold environment then that human may pass on the gene that makes a human resistant to the cold. TERM 7 Difference between gene and allele DEFINITION 7 a gene is a strand of DNA that makes up a certain trait while an allele is one of the forms of the gene.Example: Gene = eye color Allele= brown, blue, green, etc. TERM 8 BRCA2 Gene Misconception DEFINITION 8 the BRCA2 gene is the breast cancer gene. In reality everyone has this gene however only some have the variation (allele) of this gene that increases risk of breast cancer. The variation of the gene is at the DNA level and can result from a single or multiple mutations in the sequence TERM 9 Evolution DEFINITION 9 Changes in the properties of a group of organisms over the course of generations TERM 10 Example of Genotype DEFINITION 10 AA, Aa, aa, etc. TERM 21 Can you apply Darwin's four postulates to pesicide resistance? DEFINITION 21 No because resistance is not a part of darwin's four postulates TERM 22 Step 1 of Drug/Pesticide Resistance DEFINITION 22 Mutation - a new mutation occurs in a gene that conveys resistance to the chemical. This makes the chemical lose its effectiveness over time as the population evolves TERM 23 Step 2 of Drug/Pesticide Resistance DEFINITION 23 Selection - selection pressures allow individuals with these mutations to have increased survival or reproductionThis leads toIncreases resistant allele frequency in the population which makes the chemical ineffective on the population TERM 24 Step 3 of Drug/Pesticide Resistance DEFINITION 24 Human response - increase in dosage/make a new pesticide TERM 25 How is Antibiotic resistance different from Pesticide resistance? DEFINITION 25 Competition. The competition results in resistance being the most prevalent which will result in the antibiotics not working. You need to maintain an environment free of resistance selection pressures so that the resistant strains will be out competed and the antibiotics will be more effective when you use them TERM 26 How do you prevent resistant strains in antibiotics from becoming more prevalent? DEFINITION 26 Dont misuse/overuse them TERM 27 Genetic Drift DEFINITION 27 variation in the relative frequency of different genotypes in a small population TERM 28 Bottleneck Effect DEFINITION 28 when there is a disaster of some kind that drastically reduces population size to a small handful, which rarely represents the actual genetic make up of the initial population. This means there is a smaller variation within the population TERM 29 What does population size affect? DEFINITION 29 the probability of loss of allelesgenetic diversity TERM 30 Founder Effect DEFINITION 30 when genetics change from the immigration of small group TERM 31 What role does competition play in Evolutionary Change? DEFINITION 31 Two species will compete for the same resource and one will outcompete the other and produce more offspring with more fitness. TERM 32 Interspecific Relationships DEFINITION 32 Predator-PreyHerbivoryParasitismMutualismCommensalism TERM 33 Predator Prey Relationship DEFINITION 33 Hunt/Kill prey.Prey SwitchingHunt the prey that is most abundant (availability/density)Coevolutionary TERM 34 Herbivory Relationship DEFINITION 34 Adapted to feed on plant materialSpecialized disgestive systems with the ability to detoxify chemicalsCoevolutionaryExample: Milkweed and Monarch Butterfly TERM 35 Parasitism DEFINITION 35 one benefits while the other is harmedParasites depend on living host for nourishmentusually do not kill hostcan be internal or externalExample: Tape Worm TERM 46 Competitive Exclusion Principle DEFINITION 46 Two populations competing for the same resource cannot coexist. Cannot have the same niche TERM 47 Examples of Ecosystem Services by Herptofauna DEFINITION 47 Provisioning - food sources for early (and some current) humansRegulating Services - Disease ControlCultural Services - Swimming with turtles, hatchling releaseSupporting Services - Nutrient Cycling (movement of biomass between terrestrial and acquatic ecosystems) TERM 48 Importance of Herptofauna to human lives DEFINITION 48 Provide Services (Listed in examples)Help with advances in medicine. TERM 49 Medicinal Gains made from Herptofauna? DEFINITION 49 Gastric Brooding frogs have inhibiting digestive enzymes that have applications for acid reflux and stomach ulcersTurtles teach us about dealing with loss of oxygen and has implications for heart attack/strokeHerps teach us about regeneration which has applications to nero regeneration and cancer treatment TERM 50 How do Herps contribute to a functioning ecosystem? DEFINITION 50 They provide biodiversityThey provide services TERM 51 Why is Biodiversity important to Human Existance? DEFINITION 51 Without it we would die. We need plants and animals for services, and in order to get these services the biome must be genetically diverse TERM 52 Characteristics of Michigan Amphibians DEFINITION 52 moist skin full of mucus (sometimes poison glands)aquatic eggs/larvae and terrestrial adults TERM 53 Characteristics of Michigan Salamanders DEFINITION 53 10 species in Michiganlargest terrestrial salamander is the tiger salamanderact as both predator and prey TERM 54 Gray Tree Frog DEFINITION 54 Expanded toe pads for climbingmoist bumpy skin TERM 55 American Toad DEFINITION 55 dry bumpy skin with large parotoid glands (poison glands) TERM 56 Characteristics of Michigan Reptiles DEFINITION 56 characterized by dry scaly skinamniotes (animals whose eggs/young are born on land)Ectothermic (require external heat sources for metabolic processes) TERM 57 Michigan Turtles DEFINITION 57 10 SpeciesMost common is the painted turtlecan live up to 30 years TERM 58 Michigan Lizards DEFINITION 58 2 speciesmost common is the five lined skinkcan autotomize their tails (detach their tails) TERM 59 Michigan Snakes DEFINITION 59 18 speciesone poisonous Eastern Massasauga Rattlesnake(is viviparious)most common is Garter and Ribbon Snakesthey produce musk when capturedgives birth to live young(no eggs known as ovo/vivipority) TERM 60 Genotype DEFINITION 60 What variants of a gene are in your cells