GIS and Spatial Analysis Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Geodesy and Cartography

Download GIS and Spatial Analysis Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Geodesy and Cartography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 John Snow DEFINITION 1 1854 Map helped determine the cause of death was disease Tested water born disease theory, noticed large amount of deaths with particular water pump Deductive Technique/Reasoning TERM 2 Components of GIS (5) DEFINITION 2 computerGIS software - ESRI (common), GRASS, Integraph & MapInfoPeople - who design it and use it to analyze dataDataInfrastructure TERM 3 Tobler 1st Law of Geography DEFINITION 3 Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things things close together are more alike than things far apart spatial correlation positive -featuressimilar in location and attribute negative -featuresclose together are dissimilar than features further apart TERM 4 Discrete View DEFINITION 4 world is empty except where objects exists objects have well-defined boundaries objects can be counted objects are defined by their dimensionality ex: people, houses, carsvector data models TERM 5 Attribute Data Types (6) DEFINITION 5 nominal - a name or unordered grouping (label) ordinal - a natural ordered grouping ex: agedistribution interval - a distance or time separation ratio - a relative magnitude, comparison of values cycle - recurring values ex: morning/night count - number, unit, how many ex: population TERM 6 Reclassification DEFINITION 6 Type of Transformation (which is a method of spatial analysis)(RASTER) to simplify coding system - data reduction step take old value and reassign new values TERM 7 Spatial Analysis v Spatial Modeling WRONG LOOK AT NOTES. Spatial analysis will do diff results DEFINITION 7 analysisdynamicthe way things could beimplement idea and hypothesisexperiment with options and scenariosmodelingstaticthe way things aresearch for patterns TERM 8 Investigation Techniques: Inductive v Deductive DEFINITION 8 Inductive examine empirical evidence in the search for patterns to support new theories deductive test known theories or principles against data John Snow - water born disease TERM 9 Dimensionality of Vector Data Types DEFINITION 9 0 dimension = point = mailbox 1 dimension = line = road, pipeline 2 dimension = polygon = field 3 dimension = surface = river, building, x y and Z TERM 10 Great Circle Distance v Pythagorean Distance DEFINITION 10 distance between point 2 points:pythagorean plane calculation simple for lots of calculations local areas/ lots of data great circle works in 3-D; earth's surface is curved ACTUAL distance more complicated to compute TERM 21 Digital Photos (4) DEFINITION 21 elevation model black/white, shaded mountains ortho quad can seeindividualtrees, black/white digital line vector data model, can modify raster graphic just a scanned photo, pixelated tahoe.usgs.gov TERM 22 Clipping operations DEFINITION 22 type of overlay put a shape on top of a layer and keep everything with in the shape clip: objects that are in the shape but with no shape borderintersect: shape border and objects within shapeunion: both TERM 23 Boolean Conditions DEFINITION 23 can only be true or false (BINARY) AND both must be true only T + T = T OR if one or both statements are true only not when F + F = F NOT used with only one condition- negates the condition TERM 24 Where would you get info on population data DEFINITION 24 Census Bureau TERM 25 # of attributes/variables in Raster model DEFINITION 25 ONE TERM 26 Uncertainty level in GIS/spatial data DEFINITION 26 always level of uncertainty its abstract reality a computer cantadequatelyrepresent the complexity of a modern world TERM 27 GIS DEFINITION 27 Geographic information Systems computer system capable of: capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, displaying geospatial data (geospatial data: any kind of data tied to an Earth Location)developed by Canada to better analyze forestry TERM 28 Paul Longley DEFINITION 28 almost everything that happens, happens somewherefundamental problem with GIS a comp can adequately representcomplexityof modern world what do yo put in/what do you leave out TERM 29 Classification System DEFINITION 29 Geographic Scale local or global Intent practical or driven by humancuriosity Time Scale operational or tactical orstrategic TERM 30 GIS Data Models DEFINITION 30 spatially- referenced data attribute data data model =naturalprocess model =active, see how the world works TERM 31 Spatially Referenced Data DEFINITION 31 cartesian coordinate system TERM 32 Set Operations DEFINITION 32 Union all unique members from A and B intersect just the similarities from A and B difference members of A minus any members of B TERM 33 SQL DEFINITION 33 Structured Query Languagea selection of a subset of records based on the values of specific attributesFORMAT: select <attribute> from <relation> where <condition> select = fields in data base, * = allfrom = particular relation where fields are locatedcondition = specific criteria