Learning Theory: Terms, Definitions, and Concepts, Quizzes of Philosophy of psychiatry

Download Learning Theory: Terms, Definitions, and Concepts and more Quizzes Philosophy of psychiatry in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 What is learning? DEFINITION 1 A relatively permanent change in the behavior associated with experience and practice.Based on past behavior and consequences associated with that behavior, likely outcomes are predictable. TERM 2 The importance of learning increases as we go up the ...? DEFINITION 2 Phylogenetic scale TERM 3 Orienting Reaction (OR) DEFINITION 3 Reflexive orientation to a new stimulus. Allows you to value the threat or reinforcement of a new stimulus, it must be investigated. It also serves as a function because orienting to a meaningless stimulus is counterproductive. TERM 4 How can orienting reaction be modified? DEFINITION 4 Through Habituation. TERM 5 What is Habituation? DEFINITION 5 The relatively persistent waning (decrease) of a response resulting from repeated stimulation without consequences. TERM 6 What is very specific in habituation? DEFINITION 6 The stimulus. TERM 7 Habituation is not due to what 3 things? DEFINITION 7 Fatigue (too tired to respond), sensory adaptation (very brief), or extinction (decrease of a learned response because of a lack of reinforcement). TERM 8 Who created Classical Conditioning? DEFINITION 8 Pavlov, he won a nobel prize for physiology of digestion. He studied salivation as the starting point, used dogs and food. TERM 9 What was Pavlov's conclusion? DEFINITION 9 The dogs either regarded him as a food item, or they associated Pavlov with the deliverance of meat powder. TERM 10 What are the necessary conditions for Classical Conditioning? DEFINITION 10 1.) An unconditioned stimulus (us) that reflexively evokes an unconditioned response (ur).2.) A conditioned stimulus (ur) that does not evoke an unconditioned response (ur). ex: bell; light flash, tone.3.) Pair the conditioned stimulus (cs) with the unconditioned stimulus (us) in a series of training trials. TERM 21 Punishment: DEFINITION 21 A A response is followed by a noxious or painful stimulus. The probability of that response re-occurring decreases.Real World- a puppy touches a scorpion with it's nose, gets hurt, then doesn't do it again. TERM 22 You must be careful when applying punishment, why? DEFINITION 22 Punishment itself produces a lot of problems. It doesn't work well.Ex: your dog chases a car... you want him to stop, so you call him, he comes to you, and you hit him. You just punished the response that occurred right before punishment: coming when you called him.Have to make sure that when you punish you do it for the actual behavior. TERM 23 Reinforcement & Punishment must occur when? DEFINITION 23 Very close in time to the response if behavior is to be efficiently changed. TERM 24 The consequences of a response should occur within ___ seconds of the response? DEFINITION 24 .5 TERM 25 Both +/- reinforcement & punishment are important determiners of: DEFINITION 25 Behavior in foraging, defense, social relations, mating, etc. TERM 26 Shaping: DEFINITION 26 Gradually molding/training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response. TERM 27 In instrumental conditioning: DEFINITION 27 The animal already knew the response that was required. TERM 28 In operant conditioning: DEFINITION 28 The animal doesn't know the response. TERM 29 Continuous Reinforcement: DEFINITION 29 1.) Needed during initial training.2.) Susceptible to satiation.3.) Susceptible to extinction.4.) Cost of food. TERM 30 Partial Reinforcement: DEFINITION 30 1.) Works better after initial training.2.) Counter satiation and extinction effects3.) Costs less.4.) Very important for persistence. TERM 31 Acquisition: DEFINITION 31 Increasing the probability of a response through the application of reinforcing stimuli.Ex: Learning that a certain stimulus (smell, sound, sight) signals the availability of a reinforcement (or a predator). TERM 32 Extinction: DEFINITION 32 Lack of reinforcement decreases the probability of an already learned response until it doesn't occur anymore. The probability of a response is zero. The animal learns that the reinforcement is no longer available. TERM 33 Spontaneous Recovery: DEFINITION 33 following extinction, a period of rest... time passes and when placed in the learning situation, the response reappears.Inhibitory Phenomena- the tendency to NOT respond gradually weakens.Hopeful that the animal will revisit the site of the food. TERM 34 Stimulus Discrimination: DEFINITION 34 A discriminative stimulus (Sd) signals the availability of a reward or the presence of a predator. The individual learns to distinguish, for response purposes, between similar stimuli. TERM 35 Stimulus Generalization: DEFINITION 35 Stimuli similar to the original stimulus elicits the original response.Transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus. TERM 46 Latent Learning: DEFINITION 46 Tolman. The type of learning that occurs, but you don't really see it (it's not exhibited) until there is some reinforcement or incentive to demonstrate it. TERM 47 Tolman: DEFINITION 47 Behaviorist, but didn't believe in necessity of reinforcement, he was a maverick. He delighted in demonstrations that were embarrassing to RF theorists, he liked to embarrass Skinner. TERM 48 According to reinforcement theorists, what has to take place for learning to occur? DEFINITION 48 A reinforcing/punishing stimulus must be present. TERM 49 Latent Learning Experiment: DEFINITION 49 Rats randomly assigned to one of 2 groups.Group 1- removed from home cage, weighed, and placed in a complex maze daily, no food or other reinforcement was available. Allowed to wander around the maze for a set period of time.Group 2- Removed from home cage, weighed, and either placed in another non-maze device, or handled for same set time period.Then animals in both groups were individually places in maze w/ food as reinforcement. The group that had experienced the maze (even w/out Rf) learned the maze faster & with fewer errors than did the other group. TERM 50 What did Tolman learn from rat experiment? DEFINITION 50 It was learning without reinforcement. TERM 51 Latent learning could be due to? DEFINITION 51 Curiosity, motive, or dissipation of fear. TERM 52 Metzger: DEFINITION 52 Is there such a thing as "Need to Know?". Discovered the owls who experienced the room earlier had less chance of getting caught (2/20), but the owls with no previous exposure were caught more (11/20). TERM 53 Observational Learning: DEFINITION 53 Observational learning is the learning that occurs through observing the behavior of other people. Ex: Infants imitating the facial expressions of adults. Or Japanese Macaques. TERM 54 Conceptualize behavior in terms of varying levels of complexity: DEFINITION 54 Reflexes- step o a hot piece of charcoal, reflexively jerk foot away.Instincts- courtship, parental care, etc.Imprinting- hybrid between instinct and learningLearning- based on consequences, a stimulus comes to evoke or elicit a response. TERM 55 Lorenz: DEFINITION 55 Instincts- there are pre-wired, species-soecific behaviors.Instincts or prewired behaviors are critical when an important stimulus (predator, food, mate) should produce an appropriate response the first time it is required. In many cases, learning is not essential. TERM 56 Hydraulic Model: DEFINITION 56 Lorenz & Tinbergen- variables were hypothesized that relate to motivation, stimuli, and responses. Energy, innate releasing mechanism, sign stimulus.Behavior (fixed action pattern)Motivation (specific energy)External Stimuli (sign or releasing stimuli)Ex: toilet TERM 57 Vacuum Activity: DEFINITION 57 Level of reaction specific energy builds up and overflows, or, a minimal sign stimulus is present. A fixed response occurs without a stimulus. TERM 58 Displacement: DEFINITION 58 Blockage of the usual fixed action pattern, and the reaction is reaction specific behavior flow triggers atypical behavior. Ex: a flock of birds do one thing and then one bird decides to do something different. TERM 59 Modal Action Patterns: DEFINITION 59 It was noted that the fixed action patterns may vary slightly, so MAP's are used instead (MAPs are the most frequently occurring form of a FAP). TERM 60 What are the 2 types of birds? DEFINITION 60 Altricial and Precocial TERM 71 Cats: DEFINITION 71 Have a really advanced visual brain (high cost) and complex visually guided behavior (high benefit). TERM 72 The ___ visual system is simple & doesn't require a huge amount of resources & maintenance. DEFINITION 72 Frogs. The cost is low, however, inflexible, some learning is possible. TERM 73 The cats visual is: DEFINITION 73 fairly simple at the level of the retina, but is very complex at the level of the CNS. Learning is very possible. TERM 74 Disadvantages of frogs fixed nervous system: DEFINITION 74 Makes you vulnerable, and predators take advantage of them. TERM 75 Where needs are constant we find? DEFINITION 75 Simple nervous systems. TERM 76 When there are changes in needs we find? DEFINITION 76 More complex nervous systems work best. TERM 77 Pre-wired Neural Mechanism: DEFINITION 77 Low cost and works for the animal, they have survived. But they also leave a window for vulnerability because of the basic inflexibility. If there is no change then all is okay. TERM 78 Simple Neural Mechanism (ns): DEFINITION 78 Pre-wired, specific sensory stimuli trigger fixed responses. TERM 79 The fixed response to a stimulus creates ___ for a predator? DEFINITION 79 "Ecological Niche" TERM 80 Hawaiian Crickets: DEFINITION 80 Courtship singing attracts predators. TERM 81 Complex Neural Mechanism: DEFINITION 81 Where there is frequent change, or choice of responses is required, we see a complex nervous system. TERM 82 A complex nervous system is: DEFINITION 82 Very flexible, emphasizes learning, but at a high cost in terms of glucose and oxygen requirements, also, think about the cost of carrying a big brain around and giving birth to a big headed baby. TERM 83 A smell-oriented animal has a larger ...? DEFINITION 83 Olfactory Brain. TERM 84 In humans, what are olfactory structures used for? DEFINITION 84 Other functions such as memory. TERM 85 Humans main 3 senses? DEFINITION 85 Vision, hearing, and touch. (highly developed parts of the brain) TERM 96 Progressive Encephalization: DEFINITION 96 As we go across the phylogenetic scale (within vertebrates), there is a gradual increase in the size, complexity and importance of the brain. Amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animals total body mass. TERM 97 Structure does not follow function: DEFINITION 97 Areas involved in smell analysis in lower mammals are involved in verbal memories in humans. TERM 98 When a creature has an exceptional ability to behave in a certain way... DEFINITION 98 They have considerable brain material devoted to that function. TERM 99 The more cells in the brain... DEFINITION 99 The bigger the brain, so you have to miniaturize the brain. TERM 100 The more elaborate the convolutions of the cortex: DEFINITION 100 The greater the intellectual capacity of the animal. TERM 101 What did Paul Broca discover? DEFINITION 101 Different parts of the brain have different functions. Damage of the brocha area of the brain messes with responses from the mammal, like not being able to speak. TERM 102 The back part of the bran (posterior lobes) are all: DEFINITION 102 Sensory (hearing, touch, vision). Lobes include; occipital, parietal, and temporal. TERM 103 The front part of the brain (anterior portion) are all: DEFINITION 103 Associated with movement. TERM 104 What 4 things is the Anterior portion of the brain responsible for? DEFINITION 104 1.) Evaluation of the outcome probabilities associated with various choices between available responses (largely inhibitory).2.) Evaluation of signals concerning emotions.3.) Response sequencing (motor speech, eye movement).4.) Actually carrying out the response.*our ability to share information is in the frontal lobes. TERM 105 Hypothalamus: DEFINITION 105 An area consisting of densely packed nuclei that are bilaterally symmetrical in the center of the brain. It's strongly involved in the endocrine system. TERM 106 Limbic system: DEFINITION 106 A series of loosely interconnected structures first noted by Paul Broca. TERM 107 Emotional Behavior = DEFINITION 107 Hypothalamus. TERM 108 Emotional Feeling= DEFINITION 108 Limbic System. TERM 109 Autonomic Nervous System: DEFINITION 109 The part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions. Involved in homeostasis- the regulation of the internal environment of the body (digestion, temperature regulation, etc.). TERM 110 Sympathetic Nervous System: DEFINITION 110 Aka- emergency NS. prepares the body for "flight or fight". All the resources of the body are quickly mobilized in order to make responses essential to survival. (releasing glucose, increasing heart rate). TERM 121 Pheromones: DEFINITION 121 Usually are considered odors and seem to act as SS triggering FAPs.A volatile chemical released by an individual as a scent signal for another. TERM 122 Sensory Systems: DEFINITION 122 All animals have NS and SS that enables them to survive. TERM 123 Vision: DEFINITION 123 Responses to variation in reflective electromagnetic radiation. TERM 124 Most eyes must solve 3 problems: DEFINITION 124 1.) Focusing of light on retina.2.) COntrolling the amount of light entering eye.3.) Sensitivity to light vs. detailed (and color) vision. TERM 125 Features of Visual Systems: DEFINITION 125 Photosensitive surface, movement detection, feature detection, color detection, detail vision, night vision, depth. TERM 126 When comparing different ears, what must you look at? DEFINITION 126 Absolute threshold and range of sensitivity. TERM 127 We can hear just as good as animals within our given range. DEFINITION 127 At the eardrum no animal is more sensitive, some may have a better parabolic reflector. Females can hear higher frequency sounds. TERM 128 Total amplification in the human ear is? DEFINITION 128 15,400x. TERM 129 Localization of Sound: DEFINITION 129 Best with more than one receptor located on different parts of the body. TERM 130 Humans are not too good at..... DEFINITION 130 Smell and Taste. TERM 131 Flehmen Response: DEFINITION 131 Where the animal almost wants to taste the smell. TERM 132 Infrared: DEFINITION 132 Being able to pickup heat signals. (snake) TERM 133 Exotic Senses: DEFINITION 133 Ultraviolet, bees. TERM 134 What fish can put out an electrical field? DEFINITION 134 Gymnarchus. TERM 135 Ampullae of Lorenzini: DEFINITION 135 Ability to pick up electric fields that are generated by the species the predator is after. Sharks, echidna & platypus have this. TERM 146 Biological Rhythms based on the Earth RE: DEFINITION 146 The sun; Circadian Rhythms & Free Running Rhythms. TERM 147 Circadian Rhythms: DEFINITION 147 24 hour clock (diurnal clock). Circa= circle. Dian= day. Circle the day. TERM 148 Free-Running Rhythm: DEFINITION 148 Tested without the Zeitgeber (the sun). Day is slightly longer than 24 hours, asynchronous sleep cycle, leads to insomnia. TERM 149 Crepuscular Animals: DEFINITION 149 Active at dawn and at dusk. ex: rabbit. TERM 150 Circannual Rhythm: DEFINITION 150 Yearly cycles. (hibernation, migration, mating). Important for humans for planting purposes. TERM 151 Intermittent BRs: DEFINITION 151 Based on flooding, rainfall, hunger, etc. TERM 152 BR Control Mechanisms: DEFINITION 152 Usually we see the behavior not the timing mechanism. TERM 153 Suprachiasmic n. of the hypothalamus: DEFINITION 153 There are non-visual cones in the retina that connect to the SCN- these help reset the diurnal clock (jet-lag). TERM 154 In some amphibians & reptiles where is the pineal located? DEFINITION 154 Very close to the surface of the back (dorsal) aspect of the head, in some cases the gland can function as a third eye. TERM 155 External Zeitgebers= DEFINITION 155 Cues TERM 156 Why do we sleep? DEFINITION 156 For adaptive purposes (at night predators are out and it's not safe), for restorative forces, and conservation of energy. TERM 157 What does an EEG do? DEFINITION 157 Measures electrical activity of the brain. TERM 158 EEG waves vary in the wavelength of frequency: DEFINITION 158 Beta= high frequency, >13 HzAlpha= relaxed state, 8 to 13 HzTheta= 4 to 7 HzDelta= <1 to 4 Hz TERM 159 EEG waves vary in... DEFINITION 159 Amplitude & Synchrony. TERM 160 Low Amplitude= DEFINITION 160 Beta, out of phase neuronal firings cancel one another, indicates a "working" brain. Beta is asynchronous. TERM 171 Ripples during slow wave are: DEFINITION 171 Time distorted. TERM 172 Ripples during REM sleep are: DEFINITION 172 in real time. TERM 173 Mice: DEFINITION 173 When awake brain cells fire in rhythmic patterns, while asleep overall brain activity decreases. But very short bursts called "ripples" are generated by "place-denoting" neurons. TERM 174 Sleep deprivation: DEFINITION 174 Causes problems in the brain, heart, immune system, pancreas, joints, muscles, metabolism. TERM 175 Restorative Therapy: DEFINITION 175 Growth hormones, superoxide radicals, supplies of transmitter substances, enzymes, APT molecules in mitochondria. TERM 176 Rebound: DEFINITION 176 After deprivation, the animal spends more time than normal in REM sleep, then returns to normal. Anxiety is decreased after REM and depressions seems better if REM deprived. TERM 177 Sleep Stages Summary: DEFINITION 177 1- light sleep, can be woken up easily, theta.2- light sleep, heart rate slows, body temp. decreases.3&4- deep sleep, slow wave (delta) sleep.5- REM TERM 178 Diurnal Animal: DEFINITION 178 Animal active during day, sleeps at night. TERM 179 Nocturnal Animal: DEFINITION 179 Sleeps during day, active at night. TERM 180 Jacobsons Organ: DEFINITION 180 Auxiliary olfactory sense organ that's found in many animals, olfactory pockets found in roof of mouth. Snake. TERM 181 ____ requires many trials. DEFINITION 181 Learning. TERM 182 ____ requires only one trial. DEFINITION 182 Taste Aversion. TERM 183 Example of Latent Learning: DEFINITION 183 A friend drives you to school everyday, one day she is sick so you have to drive yourself, you know the route because of being in the car while your friend drove. TERM 184 FAP: DEFINITION 184 Fixed Action Pattern, stereotyped behaviors exhibited by all members of a species under appropriate conditions. TERM 185 Who created operant learning? DEFINITION 185 Skinner.