exam 2, part 1 | CJ 220 - Criminology, Quizzes of Criminology

Download exam 2, part 1 | CJ 220 - Criminology and more Quizzes Criminology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Social Process Theories(Learning theories) DEFINITION 1 Differential Association TheorySocial Learning Theory TERM 2 Differential Association Theory DEFINITION 2 Edwin SutherlandMicro-Learn criminal behavior through social interaction-Evidence:bad values arent passed from one generation to the next-Good at explaining:why someone would be a professional thief, white collar crimes-Built on:social disorganization theory-EX:Changing friend groups, getting away from bad elements in one friend group TERM 3 Social Learning Theory DEFINITION 3 AkersMicro-Adds other ways of learning (deviant behavior) through positive/negative reinforcement-Evidence: the differential association theory evidence supports this-Good at explaining:why people in a poor area commit more crime- Built upon: the differential association theory-EX: parents turing their young children away from violent commercials TERM 4 Social Structure Theories DEFINITION 4 Social Disorganization theoryCollective Efficacy TheoryClassic strain theoryinstitutional anomiegeneral strain theorycultural deviance theory TERM 5 Social Ecology Theories DEFINITION 5 Social DisorganizationSocial Learning TERM 6 Strain Theories DEFINITION 6 Classic straininstitutional anomiegeneral strain TERM 7 Social Disorganization Theory DEFINITION 7 Shaw and Mckay. Macro.Passive Theory-concentric zones(zone of transition=high crime)-focuses on neighborhoods, how they become disorganized-disorganization leads to breakdown of institutions-Evidence:crime rates in certain areas(transition zones) remain stable regardless of who resides there(age. gender, race). Supports theory that theres something about neighborhoods that cant be explained by individual differeces between people- Recommended policies: policies to strengthen the inner city, such as school programs community centers, community policing initiatives TERM 8 Collective Efficacy Theory DEFINITION 8 Sampson-Macro-Active Theory-Neighbors should have shared expectations for control(collective) and ability to activate networks to prevent problems (efficacy)-recommended policies: community, neighborhood meetings/gatheringneighborhood watch program-Built on: it builds on the social disorganization theory-EX:neighborhood watch program TERM 9 Classic Strain Theory DEFINITION 9 Merton. Micro-Goals of American dream cause people to commit crimes(failure to achieve goals)-5 ways we adapt to strain:innovate, conformity, retreatism, rebellion, ritualism- Recommended policies:any law to increase job opportunities(help convicts get jobs out of prison)Ex: increased ability to get financial aid TERM 10 5 ways we adapt to strain DEFINITION 10 innovateconformityretreatismrebellionritualism TERM 21 Transition Zone DEFINITION 21 High Crime area TERM 22 operant conditioning DEFINITION 22 Operant conditioning, sometimes referred to as instrumental learning, is a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behavior. TERM 23 Early intervention DEFINITION 23 Early childhood intervention is a support and educational system for very young children who have been victims of, or who are at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect. TERM 24 differential reinforcement DEFINITION 24 In behavioral psychology, reinforcement is a consequence that will strengthen an organism's future behavior whenever that behavior is preceded by a specific antecedent stimulus. TERM 25 Macro Theories DEFINITION 25 cultural devianceinstitutional anomiecollective efficacysocial disorganization TERM 26 Micro theories DEFINITION 26 general strain theorydifferential associationclassic strain theorysocial learning theory