Exam 2, part 1 | GEOG 1101 - Human Geography: People, Places, and Cultures, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 Cultural Ecology DEFINITION 1 the study of how human society has adapted to environmental challenges like aridity and steep landscapes through technologies such as irrigation and terracing and organizing people to construct and maintain these systems TERM 2 Technology DEFINITION 2 physical objects (e.g. the plow), activities or processes (e.g. steelmaking), knowledge or know-how (e.g. biological engineering);the collection of techniques, skills, methods and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation TERM 3 Nature DEFINITION 3 is a social construction as much as it is the physical universe that includes human beings; it is not only an object, it is a reflection of society in that the philosophies, belief systems, and ideologies people produce shape the way we think about and use this TERM 4 Preservation DEFINITION 4 advocates that certain habits, species, and resources should remain off limits to human use, regardless of whether the use maintains or depletes the resource in question TERM 5 Conservation DEFINITION 5 holds that natural resources should be used thoughtfully and that humans should serve as stewards, not exploiters, or the natural world; implies responsibility to future generations as well as to the natural world itself in the utilization of resources TERM 6 Romanticism DEFINITION 6 a philosophy that embraces the interdependence of humans and nature TERM 7 Transcendentalism DEFINITION 7 philosophy that encourages people to attempt to rise above nature and the limitations of the body to the point where spirit dominates the flesh and a mystical and spiritual life replaces a primitive and savage one;Dominance of Western (Judeo-Christian) tradition;Ralph Waldo Emerson TERM 8 Environmental Justice (EI) DEFINITION 8 movement that considers the pollution of neighborhoods by, for example, factories and hazardous waste dumps to be the result of a structured and institutionalized inequality that is pervasive in both the capitalist core and periphery TERM 9 Deep Ecology DEFINITION 9 an approach to nature revolving around two component:1. self- realization (embraces the view that humans must learn to recognize they are apart of the nonhuman world2. biosphere egalitarianism (insists that Earth, or the biosphere, is the central focus of all life and that all components of nature, human and nonhuman, deserve the same respect and treatment TERM 10 Eco-feminism DEFINITION 10 holds that the patriarchy--a system of social ideas that values men more highly than women--is at the center of our present environmental malaise TERM 21 Grasslands DEFINITION 21 used productively over the world, either range land or pasture for livestock grazing TERM 22 Desertification DEFINITION 22 the spread of desert conditions resulting from deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices, as well as reduced rainfall associated with climate change TERM 23 Greening DEFINITION 23 adding biomass including grasses--as well as trees--due to increasing rainfall TERM 24 Spatial Inequality DEFINITION 24 the unequal amounts of qualities or resources and services depending on the area or location, such as medical or welfare TERM 25 Sustainability DEFINITION 25 the interdependence of the economy, the environment, and social well-being TERM 26 Sustainable Development DEFINITION 26 seeks a balance among economic growth, environmental impacts, and social equity TERM 27 Political Ecology of the Anthropocene DEFINITION 27 approach to cultural geography that studies humans in their environment through the relationships of patterns of resources use to political and economic forces TERM 28 Culture DEFINITION 28 describes the range of activities that characterize a particular group, such as working-class, corporate, or teenage;a shared set of meanings that is lived through the material and symbolic practices of everyday life TERM 29 Power Flower DEFINITION 29 at any given time and any given place, the composition of society is rolling to drive the majority of population dynamics and establishing norms TERM 30 Cultural Geography DEFINITION 30 focuses on the way space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape;an ONGOING process;two-way relationship between geography and culture TERM 31 Folk Culture DEFINITION 31 seen by specialists as the traditional practices of small groups, especially rural people with a simple lifestyle, who are homogeneous in their belief systems and practices; the Amish, the Roma (gypsies) TERM 32 Popular Culture DEFINITION 32 viewed by some cultural geographers as the practices and meaning systems produced by large groups of people whose norms and tastes are often heterogeneous and change frequently, often in response to commercial products TERM 33 Cultural Trait DEFINITION 33 a single aspect of the complex routine practices that constitute a particular cultural group; not necessarily distinct to one group; styles of dress, dietary habits, and styles of architecture TERM 34 Cultural Complex DEFINITION 34 the combination of traits characteristic of a particular group; culinary preferences, foods associated with holidays or special events, and activities such as toasts and drinks or prayers to celebrate those events TERM 35 Cultural Region DEFINITION 35 an area where certain cultural practices, beliefs, or values are more or less practices by the majority of the inhabitants;demonstrates how a cultural system is at work, though its specific manifestations vary by the cultural region in which they are occurring TERM 46 Territoriality DEFINITION 46 the persistent attachment of individuals or people to a specific location or territory; can be related to fundamental place-making forces;can be defined as any attempt to assert control over other people, resources, or relationships over a specific geographic area as well as any attempt to fulfill socially produced needs for identity, defense, and stimulation TERM 47 Cognitive Images DEFINITION 47 what people see in their mind's eye when they think of a particular place or setting TERM 48 Paths DEFINITION 48 the channels along which cognitive images and others move;streets, walkways, transit lines, canals TERM 49 Edges DEFINITION 49 barriers that separate one area from another;shorelines, walls, railroad tracks TERM 50 Districts DEFINITION 50 areas with an identifiable character (physical and/or cultural) that people mentally "enter" and "leave";business district or ethnic neighborhood TERM 51 Nodes DEFINITION 51 strategic points and foci for travel;street corners, traffic junctions, city squares TERM 52 Landmarks DEFINITION 52 physical preference points;distinctive land-forms, buildings, or monuments TERM 53 Cognitive Imagery on Peoples' Behavior DEFINITION 53 the way that people respond to environmental hazards, such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, storms, landslides, and come to terms with the associated risks and uncertainties;the sentimental and symbolic attributes ascribed to places TERM 54 Topophilia DEFINITION 54 used to describe complex emotions and meanings associated with particular places that, for one reason or another, have become significant to individuals;"love of place" TERM 55 Humanistic approach in Geography DEFINITION 55 that fact that different people comprehend the landscape differently;places the individual--especially individual values, meaning systems, intentions, and conscious acts--at the center of analysis TERM 56 Globalization DEFINITION 56 increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental, political, and cultural change TERM 57 *Greenhouse Gases DEFINITION 57 result from human activities (burning of fossil fuels, cement production, deforestation)