Exam 2, part 1 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Exam 2, part 1 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Appetitive Conditioning DEFINITION 1 Conditioning in which the US is posiitive event TERM 2 Aversive Conditioning DEFINITION 2 Conditioning where the US is a negative event (such as a shock or an air puff to the eye) TERM 3 Extinction DEFINITION 3 reducing a learned response to a stimulusTo do this you stop pairing the stimulus with the reward or punishment. TERM 4 Spontaneous Recovery DEFINITION 4 this is where there is a rest period and then the CS is shown so the CR is shown. (book reappearance of a previously habituated response after a short period of no stimulus presentation.) TERM 5 Tolerance DEFINITION 5 a decrease in reaction to a drug so that larger doses are required to achievethe same effect TERM 6 Blocking DEFINITION 6 is when you pair CS1 with US. So then when you pair up CS1 and CS2 with US. You will not pair CS2 with the US because you have already paired CS1 with the US and CS2 does not improve the ability to predict US. TERM 7 Latent Inhibition DEFINITION 7 this is when prior exposure to the CS without pairing it with the US slows learning when you pair the CS and the US. TERM 8 Rescorla-Wagner: US Modulation Theory DEFINITION 8 theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the US is processed TERM 9 Macintosh: CS Modulation Theory DEFINITION 9 theories of conditioning holding that the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed. TERM 10 Delayed Conditioning DEFINITION 10 the CS is given before and during the US TERM 21 Punishment DEFINITION 21 decreases the probability of behavior TERM 22 Stimulus DEFINITION 22 signal whether a particular response will lead to a particular outcome TERM 23 Response DEFINITION 23 the organism learns to give a particular response to obtain or avoid a particular consequence. TERM 24 Consequence DEFINITION 24 reward/reinforcer TERM 25 Shaping DEFINITION 25 successive steps are reinforced TERM 26 Primary Reinforcer DEFINITION 26 organism repeat these behaviors that result in access to the stimuli. TERM 27 Secondary Reinforcers DEFINITION 27 reinforces thatinitially have no intrinsic value but have been paired with primary reinforcers. (example money) You will work for secondary reinforcers indefinitely. TERM 28 Positive Reinforcement DEFINITION 28 adding a stimulus to increase a certain behavior or response TERM 29 Negative Reinforcement DEFINITION 29 taking away a stimulus to increase a certain behavior or response TERM 30 Positive Punishment DEFINITION 30 adding a stimulus to decrease a certain behavior or response TERM 31 Negative Punishment DEFINITION 31 taking away a stimulus to decrease a certain behavior or response TERM 32 Continuous Reinforcement DEFINITION 32 a reinforcement schedule in which every instance of the response if followed by the consequence TERM 33 Fixed Ratio DEFINITION 33 there is some fixed number of responses that have to be made before a reinforce is delivered (every 5 times animal gives it TERM 34 Variable Ratio DEFINITION 34 there are a certain number of responses, on average, that are required before a reinforce is delivered. (random times the animal gets it) TERM 35 Fixed interval schedule DEFINITION 35 a reinforcement schedule in which the first response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced (every 5 minutes) TERM 46 Anhedonia Hypothesis DEFINITION 46 the theory that dopamine is important in giving reinforcers (e.g. food) their goodness or hedonic quality, and that disrupting dopamine reduces goodness or hedonia, therefor reducing and organisms motivation to work for reinforcement. TERM 47 Incentive Salience Hypothesis DEFINITION 47 dopamine helps provide organisms with the motivation to work for reinforcement. TERM 48 Endogenous Opioids DEFINITION 48 naturally occurring neurotransmitter-like substance that have many of the same effects as opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine; may help signal hedonic value, or goodness or reinforcers in the brain TERM 49 Pathological Addiction DEFINITION 49 strong habit that is maintained despite known harmful consequences. TERM 50 Behavioral Addiction DEFINITION 50 behaviors, such as compulsive gambling, compulsive eating, and sex addiction, that produce reinforcements or highs and to which individuals can develop pathological addiction. TERM 51 Cognitive Behavior Therapy Treatments DEFINITION 51 counseling and support groups with behavioral therapy with medication for most extreme cases. TERM 52 Skill memories DEFINITION 52 is an ability that you can improve over time through practice. Comparison of skill memories to memories for events and facts skill memories are long lasting and improved by repeated experiences cannot always be verbalized and skill memories can be acquired and received without conscious awareness. TERM 53 Perceptual motor skills DEFINITION 53 learned movement patterns guided by sensory inputs TERM 54 Open Skills DEFINITION 54 a skill in which movements are made on the basis or predictions about changing demands of the environment (reacting to environment) TERM 55 Closed Skills DEFINITION 55 a skill that involves performing predefined movements that ideally never vary. (muscle memory) TERM 56 Cognitive skills DEFINITION 56 a skill that requires problem solving or the application of strategies. TERM 57 Power law of learning DEFINITION 57 with practice you learn to do things quicker. (a law stating that the degree to which a practice trial improves performace diminishes after a certain point, so that additional trials are needed to further improve the skill; learning occurs quickly at first, then slows) TERM 58 Massed practice DEFINITION 58 cramming TERM 59 Spaced practice DEFINITION 59 studing over time TERM 60 Constant practice DEFINITION 60 practicing over and over again