Understanding Culture: Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Download Understanding Culture: Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Globalization DEFINITION 1 the ever-increasing flow of goods, services, monye. people, technology, information and other cultural items across political boundaries, most notably countries. TERM 2 culture DEFINITION 2 the way of life of a people; the human-created strategies for adjusting to their surroundings and to those creatures that are part of those surrounding TERM 3 material culture DEFINITION 3 all the natural and human-created objects to which people have attached meaningEx: plants, trees, natural resources, dogs, cars, trucks, microwave ovens, computers and smartphones TERM 4 beliefs DEFINITION 4 conceptions that people accept as true, concerning how the world operates and where the individual fits in relationship to others. TERM 5 nonmaterial culture DEFINITION 5 the nonphysical creations that people cannot hold or see TERM 6 values DEFINITION 6 general, shared conceptions of what is good, right, appropriate, worthwhile and important with regard to conduct, appearance, and states of being.Ex: freedom. happiness, true friendship, broad-mindedness, cleanliness, obedience, and national security TERM 7 norms DEFINITION 7 written and unwritten rules that specify behaviors appropriate and inappropriate to a particular social situation TERM 8 folkways DEFINITION 8 norms that apply to the mundane aspects or details of daily life.Ex: when and what to eat, how to greet someone, how long the workday should be, how many times caregivers should change babies diapers each day TERM 9 mores DEFINITION 9 norms that people define as essential to the well-being of a group. Violation of mores can result in severe forms of punishments TERM 10 language DEFINITION 10 a symbol system involving the use of sounds, gestures, and/or characters to convey meaning TERM 21 cultural relativism DEFINITION 21 the perspective that a foreign culture should not be judged by the standards of a home culture and that a behavior or way of thinking must be examined in its cultural context TERM 22 subculture DEFINITION 22 groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, beliefs, symbols, language, or material culture. TERM 23 counterculture DEFINITION 23 subcultures that challenge, contradict, or outright reject the dominant or mainstream cultureEx: Amish culture in U.S. TERM 24 industrial food system DEFINITION 24 one that produces high-calorie, nutrient low, processed food that is more available, affordable, and aggressively marketed than nutritious food. TERM 25 formal organizations DEFINITION 25 coordinating mechanisms that bring together people, resources, and technology, and then channel human activity toward achieving a specific outcome or goal sociologists classify formal organizations as secondary groups, thereby distinguishing them from primary gourps TERM 26 secondary groups DEFINITION 26 two or more people who interact for a specific purpose. Confined to a particular setting and specific task.Ex: employees at McDonald's, fans of a football team TERM 27 voluntary organizations DEFINITION 27 formal organizations that draw together people who give time, talent or treasure to support mutual interests, meet important human needs, or achieve a not-for-profit goal. TERM 28 coercive organizations DEFINITION 28 formal organizations that draw in people who have no choice but to participate.Ex: School when laws mandate that students attend, military units when there is a draft TERM 29 utilitarian organizations DEFINITION 29 formal organizations that draw together people seeking material gain in the form of pay, health benefits, or a new status.Ex: Because McDonald's both employs people and offers a service, it qualifies as a utilitarian organization. TERM 30 bureaucracy DEFINITION 30 an organizational structure put in place to achieve some valued goal by using the most efficient means to coordinate human activity.Ex; The McDonald's corporation TERM 31 ideal type DEFINITION 31 a deliberate simplification or caricature that exaggerates defining characteristics, thus establishing a standard against which real cases can be compared. do not confuse "ideal" to mean desirable TERM 32 formal dimension DEFINITION 32 the official aspect of an organization, including job descriptions and written rules, guidelines, and procedures established to achieve valued goals. on paper official rules and policies of the organization; job descriptions and written rules, guidelines, and procedures TERM 33 informal dimension DEFINITION 33 the unofficial aspect of an organization, including behaviors that depart from the formal dimension, such as employee- generated norms that evade, bypass, or ignore official rules TERM 34 rationalization DEFINITION 34 a process in which thought and action rooted in emotion, superstition, respect for mysterious forces or traditions is replaced by instrumental-rational thought and action. TERM 35 predictability DEFINITION 35 the expectation that a service or product will be the same no matter where or when it is pruchased TERM 46 positive sanctions DEFINITION 46 expressions of approval and rewards for complianceEx: applause, smile, pat on the back TERM 47 negative sanctions DEFINITION 47 expressions of disapproval for noncomplianceEx: withdrawal of affection, ridicule, fines, banishment, physical harm TERM 48 informal sanctions DEFINITION 48 spontaneous, unofficial expressions of approval or disapproval that aren't backed by the force of law.Ex: people making fun of a women wearing shorts with unshaven legs TERM 49 formal sanctions DEFINITION 49 expressions of approval or disapproval backed by laws, rules, or policies that specify the conditions under which people should be rewarded or punished and the procedures for allocating rewards and administering punishment.Ex: awarding trophies, cash bonuses, and diplomas TERM 50 conformists DEFINITION 50 people who have not violated the rules of a group and are treated accordingly TERM 51 pure deviants DEFINITION 51 people who have broken the rules of a group and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders TERM 52 secret deviants DEFINITION 52 people who have broken the rules of a group but whose violation goes unnoticed or prompts those who notice to look the other way rather than reporting the violation TERM 53 falsely accused DEFINITION 53 people who have not broken the rules of a group but are treated as if they have TERM 54 primary deviants DEFINITION 54 those people whose rule breaking is viewed as understandable, incidental, or insignificant in light of some socially approved status they holdEx: a woman who kills a male partner because she fears for her physical saftey has greater chance of being labeled as suffering from battered person syndrome than being labeled a murderer TERM 55 secondary deviants DEFINITION 55 those whose rule breaking is treated as something so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away TERM 56 innovation DEFINITION 56 the acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the legitimate means to achieve them TERM 57 ritualism DEFINITION 57 the rejection of cultural goals but a rigid adherence to the legitimate means of ahcieving them TERM 58 retreatism DEFINITION 58 the rejection of both culturally balued goals and the means of achieving them TERM 59 rebellion DEFINITION 59 the full or partial rejection of both the goals and the means of attaining them and the introduction of a new set of goals and means