Glossary of Political Science and Sociology Terms, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

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TERM 1 authoritarianism DEFINITION 1 a political system in which the government tolerates little or no opposition to its rules but permits non-governmental centers of influence and allows debate on issues of public policy TERM 2 authority DEFINITION 2 legitimate power TERM 3 capitalist economy DEFINITION 3 an economic system relying primarily on free markets and privately held property TERM 4 charismatic authority DEFINITION 4 power that is legitimated by the extraordinary superhuman or supernatural qualities people attribute to a leader TERM 5 civil society DEFINITION 5 a social realm of mediating groups, networks, and institutions that sustains public life outside the worlds of the state and the economy TERM 6 core regions DEFINITION 6 geographical areas that dominate the world economy and exploit the rest of the system TERM 7 corporate interlocks DEFINITION 7 networks of individuals who serve on the boards of directors of multiple corporations TERM 8 democracy DEFINITION 8 a political system in which the powers of government derive from the consent of the governed and in which regular constitutional avenues exist for changing government officials TERM 9 force DEFINITION 9 power whose basis is the threat or application of punishment TERM 10 government DEFINITION 10 those political processes that have to do with the authoritative formulating of rules and policies that are binding and pervasive throughout a society TERM 21 politics DEFINITION 21 the processes by which people and groups acquire and exercise power TERM 22 public-interest groups DEFINITION 22 interest groups that pursue policies that presumably would be of no greater benefit to their members than to the larger society TERM 23 special-interest groups DEFINITION 23 interest groups that primarily seek benefits from which their members would derive more gains than the society as a whole TERM 24 state DEFINITION 24 an arrangement that consists of people who exercise an effective monopoly in the use of physical coercion within a given territory TERM 25 totalitarianism DEFINITION 25 a "total state" in which the government undertakes to control all parts of the society and all aspects of social life TERM 26 traditional authority DEFINITION 26 power that is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs TERM 27 gender DEFINITION 27 the sociocultural distinction between males and females TERM 28 gender identities DEFINITION 28 the conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female TERM 29 gender roles DEFINITION 29 sets of cultural expectations that define the way in which the members of each sex should behave TERM 30 patriarchy DEFINITION 30 a system of social organization in which men have a disproportionate share of power TERM 31 sex DEFINITION 31 a reference to whether one is genetically male or female; determines the biological role that one will play in reporduction TERM 32 sexism DEFINITION 32 the set of cultural and social processes that justify and promote disadvantage for women TERM 33 sexual harassment DEFINITION 33 unwelcome sexual attention, whether verbal or physical, that affects an employee's job conditions or creates a hostile working environment TERM 34 acculturation DEFINITION 34 cultural assimilation, or the process in which cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group TERM 35 amalgamation DEFINITION 35 the final stage of assimilation, in which it becomes impossible to distinguish formerly distinct ethnic groups in a society TERM 46 pluralism DEFINITION 46 a situation where diverse groups coexist side by side an mutually accommodate themselves to their differences TERM 47 prejudice DEFINITION 47 ATTITUDES of aversion and hostility toward the members of a group simply because they belong to it and hence are presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to it TERM 48 race DEFINITION 48 a population that differs from other populations in the incidence of various hereditary traits TERM 49 racism DEFINITION 49 the BELIEF that some racial groups are naturally superior and others are inferior TERM 50 split labor market DEFINITION 50 an economic arena in which large differences exist in the price of labor at the same occupational level TERM 51 symbolic racism DEFINITION 51 a form of racism in which whites feel that blacks are too aggressive, do not play by the rules, and have negative characteristics TERM 52 closed system DEFINITION 52 a stratification system in which people have great difficulty changing their status TERM 53 culture of poverty DEFINITION 53 the view that the poor possess self-perpetuating lifeways characterized by weak ego structures, lack of impulse control, a present-time orientation, and a sense of resignation and fatalism TERM 54 dual labor market DEFINITION 54 an economy characterized by two sectors. the primary, or core, sector offers "good jobs," and the secondary, or periphery, sector offers "bad jobs" TERM 55 horizontal mobility DEFINITION 55 movement from one social status to another that is approximately equivalent in rank TERM 56 income DEFINITION 56 the amount of money people receive TERM 57 inter-generational mobility DEFINITION 57 a comparison of the social status of parents and their children at some point in their respective careers TERM 58 intra-generational mobility DEFINITION 58 a comparison of the social status of a person over an extended time TERM 59 life chances DEFINITION 59 the likelihood that individuals and groups, will enjoy desired goods and services, fulfilling experiences, and opportunities for living healthy and long lives TERM 60 objective method DEFINITION 60 an approach to the identification of social classes that employs such yardsticks as income, occupation and education TERM 71 wealth DEFINITION 71 what people own TERM 72 anomie DEFINITION 72 a social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by norms they experiences as weak, unclear, or conflicting TERM 73 capital punishment DEFINITION 73 the application of the death penalty for a capital crime TERM 74 criminal justice system DEFINITION 74 the reactive agencies of the state that include the police, courts, and prisons TERM 75 deviance DEFINITION 75 any behavior that violates a norm TERM 76 differential association DEFINITION 76 the notion that the earlier, the more frequent, the more intense, and the longer the duration of the contacts people have in deviant settings, the great the probability that they, too, will become deviant TERM 77 hate crime DEFINITION 77 a crime motivated by bias against race, ethnic origin, religion, disability, or sexual orientation TERM 78 high-tech crime DEFINITION 78 crime committed through the use of advanced electronic media TERM 79 index crimes DEFINITION 79 crimes reported by the Federal bureau of Investigation in its Uniform Crime Reports. These offense consist of four categories of violent crime against people--murder, rape, robbery, and assault--and four categories of crime against property--burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson TERM 80 internalization DEFINITION 80 the process by which individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the larger society TERM 81 organized crime DEFINITION 81 large-scale bureaucratic organizations that provide illegal goods and services in public demand TERM 82 primary deviance DEFINITION 82 behavior that violates social norms but usually goes unnoticed by the agents of social control TERM 83 recidivism DEFINITION 83 relapse into criminal behavior TERM 84 secondary deviance DEFINITION 84 deviance that individuals adopt in response to the reactions of other individuals TERM 85 social control DEFINITION 85 methods of strategies that regulate behavior within a society