Communication and Culture: Understanding Key Concepts and Values, Quizzes of Communication and Development studies

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TERM 1 Individualistic DEFINITION 1 independence and individual rights Core Value: self-fulfillment (children raised to feel good about themselves) has large number of loose relationships (not as meaningful) TERM 2 Collectivist Societies DEFINITION 2 close ties among extended families (group first) Core-value: mutual obligation - It takes a village to raise a family - ie aunts raising children bc they have more money TERM 3 Individualism in relationships/family DEFINITION 3 Identity: "I" Obligation: self/ nuclear (close) family Children: independent TERM 4 Collectivism in relationships/family DEFINITION 4 Identity: "We" Obligation: extended family, larger community Children: interdependent (group values and rules) TERM 5 Collectivism: Key Communication Values DEFINITION 5 spend most time together, rarely alone listener oriented culture, directness not valued The word "no" rarely used, "yes" doesn't always mean yes Shame: in the presence of others becomes known putting on a face that you want others to see you as TERM 6 Individualistic: Key communication Values DEFINITION 6 be clear and truthful speaker oriented culture (speaker needs to be clear) guilt felt by individual TERM 7 Power Distance DEFINITION 7 the degree to which people view the unequal distribution of power as acceptable TERM 8 High Power Distance Countries DEFINITION 8 - value power of the few- considered normal and even desirable for a people of diff social and professional status to be widely separated in terms of power- bosses us paternalistic and autocratic styles ( i.e. boss/teacher is always right) TERM 9 High Power Distance Countries DEFINITION 9 MalaysiaPanamaGuatemalaPhillipinesMexicoVenezuelaChina TERM 10 Low Power Distance Countries DEFINITION 10 - believe in minimizing the difference btwn various social classes- challenging authority is acceptable even desirable (ie US and Canadian societies)- bosses use a consultative management style TERM 21 CAT: Divergence DEFINITION 21 strategy used to accentuate differences between communicators (non-accomodating)- NOT an effort to disagree with another TERM 22 3 Types of Divergence DEFINITION 22 Counter-Accomodation: direct ways of maximizing the diff btwn 2 speakers Under-Accomodation: persisting in original communication styles regardless of the comm. behavior of the other Over-Accomodation: demeaning or patronizing talk, excessive concern shown (i.e. vocal amplification, message simplification, repetition) TERM 23 People are motivated to Diverge... DEFINITION 23 to maintain a social identity show cultural pride and distinctiveness when power btwn communicators is important TERM 24 Good Accommodators DEFINITION 24 viewed more competently liked by others more persuasive TERM 25 Caveat DEFINITION 25 effort at accommodation has to appear sincere and perceived as respectful--otherwise it can bachfire TERM 26 Communication Apprehension (CA) DEFINITION 26 fear or anxiety associated with interaction that keeps people from being able to communicate cooperativelyie: fear of public speaking- not related to intelligence, gender, or neuroticism- can impact career grades, and social life TERM 27 CA Types: Traitlike DEFINITION 27 relatively enduring personality type orientation across a wide variety of contexts fell anxiety in most situations except maybe closefamily and friends 20% of people fall into this category TERM 28 CA Types: Context DEFINITION 28 consistent anxious response and orientation toward communication in a specific setting or context - 4 Common Contexts: public speaking (most common) meetings group discussions interpersonal conversation TERM 29 CA Types: Person-Group DEFINITION 29 relatively enduring, orientation toward communication with a given person or group of people feels anxiety when communicating with a given person or group of people quite common TERM 30 CA Types: Situational DEFINITION 30 an emotional response to communicating with another person at persons at a given time short-lived most experience at least once in lifetime TERM 31 How does CA feel? DEFINITION 31 shortness of breath uncontrolled nervous moment sweaty palms nervous/upset stomach uncontrolled blushing, redness of skin obsessive thoughts-- "can they tell how nervous i am?" TERM 32 Outcomes associated with High CA DEFINITION 32 - often get jobs less frequently and are offered lower salaries- seen as less socially attractive- report feeling more isolated and secluded- report lack of trust in others- try to avoid public communication TERM 33 Communication Plans DEFINITION 33 mental maps that describe exactly how communication encounters will unfold-- helps to overcome communication apprehension TERM 34 Nature Of Verbal Messages DEFINITION 34 Messages have denotative and connotative meaning Denotative: dictionary definition or a meaning a group of people share (makes comm. possible) Connotative: what we think about when hearing a word - -idiosyncratic meaning ie: Cheap-- denotative= low in price connotative= poorly made TERM 35 Indirect vs Direct Language DEFINITION 35 ie: direct: "I want to live closer to the school" Indirect: "there are houses for sale closer to the school"- use of directness is role related (doctors and chefs are very direct more so than nurses and servers)- Gender women are more indirect than men: in giving orders men are more indirect than women: when expressing weakness, emotion talk, revealing a problem, or admit an error TERM 46 Defensive Messages DEFINITION 46 impolite messages delivered in response to suggestions, criticism, or perceived slights- instinctive reaction to behavior that makes us angry TERM 47 Dogmatic Massages DEFINITION 47 dismissal of suggestions for improvement or consturctive criticism, refuses to consider other views and believes their behavior is acceptableie: "Why would I change? I've always done it like this?" TERM 48 Superiority Messages DEFINITION 48 speaker suggests that they posses special knowledge,ability, or status far beyond that of the otherie: " I have more experience and have been doing this longer than you." TERM 49 Indifference Messages DEFINITION 49 person implies that the suggestion or criticism being offered is irrelevant, uninteresting, or unimportantie: "This is supposed to Interest me?" TERM 50 Control Messages DEFINITION 50 person seeks to squelch criticism by controlling the other individual or the encounterie: "There's no point in further discussion; I consider the matter closed." TERM 51 Apologies DEFINITION 51 - require "I" language- A good apology: show appropriate emotions state violation do not self blame ("sorry but...") discuss future behavior penance or restitution (taking responsibility to fix it) - Accounts can weaken an apology if not requeted or necessary justifying ("I'm sorry i just didn't know you didn't want me to touch that") TERM 52 Verbal Aggression DEFINITION 52 the tendency to attack others' self concepts rather than their positions on topics of conversation- some who are verbally aggressive suffer from chronic hostility TERM 53 Deception DEFINITION 53 occurs when people deliberately use uninformative, untruthful, irrelevant, or vague language for the purpose of misleading others- Concealment: leaving important and relevant information out of messages--most common form of deception TERM 54 Regulative vs Constitutive Rule DEFINITION 54 - Constitutive rules: define meanings of words constantly changing people add more words as technology develops (ie sexting, cyberbullying,tweet, app) - Regulative rules: the rules of how the language is spoken or written changing TERM 55 Nonverbal Communication DEFINITION 55 the intentional or unintentional transmission of meaning through an individual's non spoken physical and behavioral cues TERM 56 Principles of NV Communication DEFINITION 56 NVC uses multiple channels such as auditory, visual, and tactile (gestures) NVC meanings are more flexible and ambiguous (smile can mean comfort or contempt) NVC has fews rules (raise your hand when wanting to speak) NVC has more meaning (clothing, tone, eye contact, facial expression...) NVC is influenced by culture (distance changes from culture to culture) NVC is influenced by gender -women are more accurate in their interpretations of others' NV expressions -women show greater facial expressions -women gaze more at others during IPC -men are more territorial than women TERM 57 Kinesics DEFINITION 57 - body movements: facial expression, eye contact, gestures, and body postures-most often the behaviors we associate with NVC- Used to asses immediacy TERM 58 Proxemics DEFINITION 58 how people use, manipulate, and mark personal space--physical distance- territoriality: tendency to claim physical space as our own'- 4 dimensions of personal space: public space: 12ft + (public speeches, performances) Social space: 4-12 ft (workplace/strangers/acquaintances) Personal Space: 18in-4ft ( comm w/ friends) Intimate Space: 0-18in (close friends/family/romantic) TERM 59 Vocalics DEFINITION 59 vocal characteristics such as loudness, pitch, speech rate, and tone- people with calm/smooth voices are seen in an attractive, positive way Tone: most complex, combination of richness and breathiness Pitch: low pitch is associated with strength and competence Loudness Speech rate: misunderstanding is associated with the speaker slowing down TERM 60 Haptics DEFINITION 60 duration, placement, and strength of touch functional: professional touch, ie doctor-patient Social-Polite touch: social norms, handshake/high 5 Friendship-warm touch: express liking for another i.e. hug/lean love-intimacy touch: convey deep emotional feelings, i.e. holding hand/cupping face sexual-arousal touch Aggressive-hostile touch: slap/push/punch TERM 71 V&NV Combine to create meaning: Repeating DEFINITION 71 sends same message as verbal communication NV message that could stand alone if the verbal message was not present (ie when you are sad you cry) TERM 72 V&NV Combine to create meaning: Emphasizing DEFINITION 72 enhances what you are saying verbally different from repeating: if you had the NV alone it wouldn't convey the same meaning use gestures to reinforce TERM 73 V&NV Combine to create meaning: Regulating DEFINITION 73 making the verbal stream longer or shorter controls verbal interaction btwn people ex: turn taking- interest in convo= continued talkingex: flirting TERM 74 V&NV Combine to create meaning: Contradicting DEFINITION 74 NV massage is counter to the Verbal message usually bc you want to be socially appropriate (ie you say you're happy but you're glaring) TERM 75 V&NV Combine to create meaning: Complimenting DEFINITION 75 adding unique meaning than the verbal message not contradictory, just new TERM 76 V&NV Combine to create meaning: Substituting DEFINITION 76 NV message that takes place of verbal message-- ie hitch hiker wants a ride and sticks thumb out TERM 77 Functions of NV: DEFINITION 77 convey meaning: i.e. thumbs up = good job express emotion, affect displays- intentional or unintentional NV behaviors that display actual or feigned emotions Presenting self, show you are compassionate, hard working, dedicated managing interactions: talking to people using eye contact, head nods, regulators, gain attention by clapping Defining relationships: showing affection by smiling, listening intently, touching TERM 78 Expectancy Violation Theory DEFINITION 78 what happens when we violate peoples expectations with our non-verbal behavior?- Burgoon and Hale note that expectation for another's NV behavior develop based on experience with: a specific person (diff people do diff things) relationship type social rules/norms TERM 79 Violations of expectancies provoke: DEFINITION 79 Arousal: expectancy violations produce physical reactions of arousal and discomfort conscious thought: to understand arousal (why do i feel this way?) Evaluation of the violation: either pos or negative (reward value of the communicator-- if you like them it will help you evaluate your reaction arousal-thoughts-evaluation TERM 80 Dyadic Power Theory DEFINITION 80 people with only moderate power are most likely to use controlling communication-- because their power is limited they can't alway be sure they will get their way- early in relationships perceptions of power increase the likelihood of using dominant behavior to control interaction\- Assumes: power is an integral part of any relationship people make judgements about how much power they have in relation to their partner TERM 81 Relational Control Theory DEFINITION 81 examines the form interactions take between peopleCODES: exerting dominance or control= one up exerting difference of acceptance= one down Exerting neutrality: one across TERM 82 Relational Control: Transact DEFINITION 82 pair of utterancescoded as: symmetrical: (1 up, 1 up), (1 down, 1 down) Complementary: (1 up, 1 down) (1 down, 1 across) TERM 83 Transacts: Competitive Symmetry DEFINITION 83 two uses of 1 up movesex: Mitchell: "quit asking me about finding a job?" Mom: " I would if you were looking for one!" TERM 84 Transacts: Submissive Symmetry DEFINITION 84 2 people repeatedly use 1 down movesEX: A:"where do you think we should go to dinner?" B: " I dunno whatever you think is good." TERM 85 Transacts: Neutral Symmetry DEFINITION 85 2 partners using 1 across movesTYPICAL pattern of everyday interactionex: A: "I liked that movie." B: "Yeah, it was pretty good." TERM 96 Causes for URP: Fundamental Attribution Error DEFINITION 96 - SERIAL ARGUERSbelief that they are the one trying to solve the problem and the other person is not TERM 97 Causes for URP: Multiple Conflicting Goals DEFINITION 97 - Any styles TERM 98 Causes for URP: Awareness DEFINITION 98 Hyper-Aware: (COMMUNICATOR DILEMMA) being afraid to say what you want as you are too aware of the possible repercussions- --over worry about others' feelings Ironic Control of Mental Processing: trying to avoid thinking--your brain scans your mental environment looking for signs of unwanted thought - THUS, suppression leads to MORE awareness Too mindless (SERIAL ARGUERS) TERM 99 Causes for URP: Power DEFINITION 99 most URP happens with someone of equal or more power TERM 100 Conflict Styles: Competitive DEFINITION 100 - good battler- High assertive/ low cooperative-Tactics: Hostile questioning : "how often are you right?" Presumptive Remarks: telling people how they feel Deny responsibility : "I don't need that, Ive never had a problem!" Contempt/Disgust: don't often see when they are doing it-- breaks up marriages " you sicken me!" TERM 101 Competitive is Good/Bad when.. DEFINITION 101 Good: quick decision necessary unpopular but necessary course of action to show you care Bad: you need commitment team building you have No power- nothing to back up threats TERM 102 Conflict Styles: Collaborator DEFINITION 102 - problem solver-- win/win approach- high cooperative/ High assertiveTactics: descriptive statements: doesn't make an argument, just describes Qualifying statements: "Communication is bad MOSTLY WHEN we are tired" thinking outside the box TERM 103 Collaborator is good/bad when... DEFINITION 103 Good: time and energy if a relationship is important Bad: when its manipulative used too often issues are really not best dealt with collaboration to avoid responsibility TERM 104 Conflict Styles: Compromising DEFINITION 104 - sharing- intermediate assertive and cooperativeTactics: Soliciting disclosure: not hostile =, just figuring out whats important "whats the bottom line' Concessions: statements indicating willingness to change Meet me halfway TERM 105 Compromising is good/bad when... DEFINITION 105 Good: a solutions is better than a stalemate 2 parties have equal power cooperating important but under time pressure Bad: when you really can't make concessions trading/bargaining means you give up principles/long term objectives creative solution necessary TERM 106 Conflict Styles: Avoidant DEFINITION 106 - withdrawal- low assertive and cooperative- removing yourself physically anf psychologically from conflictTactics: Direct Denials: "Im not upset" Evasive remarks: neither deny or confirm the problem Friendly Joking: lighten the mood Gunny-Sacking: holding it in and then exploding TERM 107 Avoidant is good/bad when... DEFINITION 107 Good: timing is wring for a fight you need more info systen that doesn't reward conflict people dont want to invest the energy issue is trivial you have low power but want to block other person Bad: issues are important issues that wont go away when it signals others you don't care TERM 108 Conflict Styles: Accommodating DEFINITION 108 - smooth over/ self- sacrifice/ what does the other want- low assertive/ High cooperativeTactics: Soliciting Criticism: "does it bother you when i do this?" supportive remarks: "Wow, I didn't know you felt like that." Concessions: "Ill make that happen" Playing down Differences: "I don't think we disagree that much" TERM 109 Accommodating is good/bad when... DEFINITION 109 Good: you don't care about the issue you are powerless no wish to block the person Bad: harbor resentment: mad about accommodating habitually used to gain acceptance others want to collaborate or compromise TERM 110 Conflict Styles: Rhetorical Sensitivity DEFINITION 110 - change conflict style based of the demands of the situation- Adapts to communicator AND situation- deals well with ambiguity, not focused on certainty- often thinks about the larger picture before they speak- highly competent communicatorsTactics: use a wide variety and wisely TERM 121 Love Styles: EROS DEFINITION 121 - Romantic/ Physical love intense communicators sex quick in relationships very patterned TERM 122 Love Styles:LUDUS DEFINITION 122 - game playing love lets have fun younger relationships all about the pursuit not very committed TERM 123 Love Styles: STORGE DEFINITION 123 - friendly/companion love dependable/stable less likely to get involved with sex most prone to midlife crisis most enduring places emphasis on friendship TERM 124 Love Styles: MANIA DEFINITION 124 obsessive love jealous obsessive /interrogating type to marry in the first week TERM 125 Love Styles: AGAPE DEFINITION 125 - unselfish/ forgiving love deep abiding love intense concern for their partner can be very sacrificing putting others first TERM 126 Love Styles: PRAGMA DEFINITION 126 - practical love list of qualities in a partner they are looking for have to have shared values and goals takes awhile to be emotionally attached TERM 127 Initiating DEFINITION 127 sizing up a person youve just met or noticed draw of visible information: physical attractiveness, body type, age, ethnicity, gender, clothing, posture, etc and determine whether you find them attractive primary concern-- to portray yourself in a positive light importance of your greeting TERM 128 Experimenting DEFINITION 128 exchange demographic info looking for points of commonality between you and the person relationship is pleasant, light, "casual dating" through life we experiment with many, but have few actual deep connections TERM 129 Intensifying DEFINITION 129 strong feelings of attraction toward other revealing previously withheld info (secrets about the past, life dreams or goals) using more "we" language start to use direct expression of commitment holding hands, cuddling, sexual activity calling them "honey" vs "Joe" TERM 130 Integrating DEFINITION 130 you and your partner's personalities become one reinforced through sexual activity cultivate activities that join you as a couple ("our song") Friends/colleagues invite you to events as a "couple" TERM 131 Bonding DEFINITION 131 announcement to the world that you and your partner have made a commitment to each other shared with very few people, maybe once marriage import relationship into a set of laws and customs determined by government authorities TERM 132 Relational Maintenence DEFINITION 132 refers to using communication and supportive behaviors to sustain a desired relationship status and level of satisfaction TERM 133 Maintaining Behaviors DEFINITION 133 -positivity: being fun/upbeat, compliment often, give gifts- Assurances: ways of showing how much they mean to you-Shared tasks(MOST frequent): mutual responsibly for chores, pitch in equally,handle a task b4 partner asks- Mutual acceptance; loving the good/bad about your partner-Self-disclosure: the way you create intimacy, you can diclose with your partner fears and vulnerabilities- relationship talks:discussing the status of your relationship,share concern,future goals TERM 134 Shared Social Networks DEFINITION 134 - having friends in common and feeling comfortable with each others family- networks allow couples to socially compare "nobody's husband does the dishes"-As relationship deepens: causal friends drop, deep friends relatively unaffected, smaller network gets, less time you interact with them-positive: allows partners to play, relieves them of everyday tediums