Geology of Volcanoes and Magma Formation: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Earth Sciences

Download Geology of Volcanoes and Magma Formation: Terms and Definitions and more Quizzes Earth Sciences in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Lower Crust and Upper Mantle DEFINITION 1 Which layer of the earth does magma come from? TERM 2 The 3 ways in which magma forms? DEFINITION 2 -Decrease in pressure (heat makes rocks melt, pressure keeps rock together, same heat + less pressure= melt) -Adding volatiles (volatiles evaporate easily, adding volatiles to rock= decrease melting temperature) -Heat Transfer(rising heat melts rock above it) TERM 3 -felsic (silicic)-intermediate -mafic -ultramafic DEFINITION 3 What are the 4 different types of magma TERM 4 Bowen' s Reaction DEFINITION 4 _____ _____ tells us the following aboutmagmaformation:-the rock that melts first, solidifies last-all igneous rocks havedifferentcompositions,becausemade at different temps. so it will make different kinds of magma TERM 5 Less dense than solid rock -squeezed by pressure DEFINITION 5 Why does magma flow? TERM 6 Viscosity DEFINITION 6 - heat, volatiles, and silica content affect.... TERM 7 flow slowly (like honey) DEFINITION 7 High viscosity = .... TERM 8 flow freely (like water) DEFINITION 8 low viscosity TERM 9 more flow DEFINITION 9 what happens to viscoisty when you add more:-heat- volatiles-silica content TERM 10 Intrusive rock DEFINITION 10 this kind of rock is in the earth TERM 21 the three main products of volcanic eruptions DEFINITION 21 - lava (liquid)- pyroclastic debris- not molten rock (solid)-gas (gas) TERM 22 3 major types of lava DEFINITION 22 -basalitc-andesitic-rhyolite TERM 23 -content -temperature -volatile content DEFINITION 23 How arepropertiesof lava determined by? TERM 24 types of basaltic lava DEFINITION 24 -pahoehoe (ropey looiking)-a'a' (jagged)-pillow (generally comes out underneath ocean) TERM 25 types of eruptions DEFINITION 25 -effusive-explosive TERM 26 Effusive DEFINITION 26 - type of eruption:-low viscosity lava (basalitic)-runs like water TERM 27 Explosive DEFINITION 27 -type of eruption:- lots of pyroclasitc debris- trapped gas explodes-ex) Mt. Saint Helens-lots of ash clouds TERM 28 Lapilli DEFINITION 28 -type of basaltic pyroclastic material:-glassy fragments- small pieces TERM 29 bomb DEFINITION 29 -type of basaltic pyroclastic material:-glassy fragments- large pieces TERM 30 ash DEFINITION 30 Type of explosive pyroclastic material--tiny, glass fragments TERM 31 lapilli DEFINITION 31 -type ofexplosivepyroclastic material:-are frothy TERM 32 pyroclastic flow DEFINITION 32 -type of explosive pyroclastic material:-ash flow TERM 33 other types of geological deposits that are associated with volcanoes DEFINITION 33 -blocks-lanar-columnar joints-contraction during cooling--- fractures- fractures extend downward into flow TERM 34 Rocks associated with volcaneos DEFINITION 34 -Tephra-tuff TERM 35 Tephra DEFINITION 35 -type of rockassociatedwith volcanoes-loose pyroclastic grains TERM 46 No DEFINITION 46 can you stop a volcano? TERM 47 Options to stay safe from volcano DEFINITION 47 -evacuation -diversion of lava TERM 48 how volcanic eruptions affect climate DEFINITION 48 ________ _____ affects on the climate-High altitude dust may block sunlight -Creates cooler climate -Large eruptions can affect planet -In deep time had profound effect TERM 49 yes! -lo (Jupiter moon) -Saturn moons DEFINITION 49 Are there active volcanoes on other planets? TERM 50 Weathering DEFINITION 50 - all rocks break down either physically or chemically TERM 51 Erosion DEFINITION 51 - physical movement of weathered material TERM 52 Physical Weatherig DEFINITION 52 -type of weathering-breakdown byphysicalforces-NO change to chemical or mineral composition TERM 53 Chemical Weathering DEFINITION 53 Type of weathering:- chemical composition of rock is changed or altered, or the rock iscompletelydissolved TERM 54 Sub-types of Physical Weathering DEFINITION 54 -Biological (animals, plant)-Jointing *unloading* ( change in heat and pressure)-Forst wedging-Salt wedging (deserts and coasts)-Abrasion (glaciers) TERM 55 Sub-types of Chemical Weathering DEFINITION 55 -Dissolution (mineral dissolves. water react with the mineral. all rain is acidic. causes sink holes and karst.-Hydrolysis: (some minerals break apart, some new minerals form. clay)-Oxidation: (mineral combines with oxygen, forms new mineral.)-Hydration: (water absorbs into mineral, causes expansion-breaks up rock)- Biological: ( fungi, lichen, and plants secrete acid) TERM 56 Hot and Wet DEFINITION 56 What environment most promotes chemical weathering? TERM 57 Their location. See if around water and humidity. Both promote weathering DEFINITION 57 How can we predict the weathering rate of particular minerals? TERM 58 Sediment DEFINITION 58 loose fragments of rocks or minerals-includes shells TERM 59 Soil DEFINITION 59 loosefragmentsof rocks or minerals mixed with organic material TERM 60 reason why there are different soils DEFINITION 60 Soil types controlled by:- parent rocks and minerals-water content-climate *heat and humidity)-localvegetation - organiccomponent-age-all of these are reason why..... TERM 71 Ripple marks and dunes DEFINITION 71 -a common stratigraphic structure-indicate moving water or air-ripples= small-dunes = large-can determine current or wind direction TERM 72 Graded beds DEFINITION 72 -common stratigraphic structure-when watervelocitysuddenly changes-underwaterlandslides, storms, deltas TERM 73 Trace fossils DEFINITION 73 -common stratigraphic structure-any indication that are left behind from an organism TERM 74 Glacial DEFINITION 74 -environment of deposition-can pick up any size grain-glacial till TERM 75 Mountain stream DEFINITION 75 -environment of deposition-fast moving water-carries small grains away-conglomerates TERM 76 Allurial fan DEFINITION 76 -environment of deposition-water slows quickly-arkose (feldspar)-conglomerate TERM 77 Sand Dunes DEFINITION 77 -environment of deposition-beach and desert-small grains blown away-well sorted sandstone with ripple marks and cross bedding TERM 78 River DEFINITION 78 -environment of deposition-heavy grains roll on bottom, small grains in water-during floods, small grainsdepositedon bank-sandstone, siltstone, mudstone (mudcracks) TERM 79 Lake DEFINITION 79 -environment of deposition-low energyenvironment-mud settles out in center of lake-varvesin ice-covered lakes-small delta at incomingstream-fine grained, well sorted TERM 80 Marine Delta DEFINITION 80 -environment of deposition-changingenvironment-many kinds of deposits TERM 81 Coastal Beach DEFINITION 81 -environment of deposition-high energy-well sorted sandstone-ripple marks TERM 82 Shallow-marine DEFINITION 82 -environment of deposition-shallow water-fine grained, well-rounded, well-sorted-lots of life= fossils TERM 83 Deep Marine DEFINITION 83 - -environment of deposition-deep ocean away from land- very fine particles-plankton skeletons-carbonate or silica-mudstones and chalk TERM 84 Sedimentary Basin DEFINITION 84 -a low area in the lithosphere were sediment collects TERM 85 Diagenesis DEFINITION 85 -sediment gets buried deeply in basin-increased pressure and temp.-new minerals form-cement dissolves or precipitates-if this continues---becomes metamorphism