Terms and Definitions in Biology: From Prokaryotic Organisms to the Cambrian Explosion, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 Absolute ("Radiogenic") Dating DEFINITION 1 Use radioactive isotopes or nuclides, which became feasible after WWII Every radioactive isotope has a distinct half-life TERM 2 Half-Life DEFINITION 2 The time required for half the population of radioactive atoms to decay to specific daughter isotopes Ex: Carbon 14- 5730 years (decays into Nitrogen 14) TERM 3 Carbon-14 DEFINITION 3 Nucleus contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons Constantly formed in the upper atmosphere by cosmic ray interactions with Nitrogen All living things maintain an equilibrium level of Carbon 14 in their tissues TERM 4 Complications with Carbon 14 Dating DEFINITION 4 Enhanced C-14 due to open air testing of atomic weapons through 1940's to 1960's Limitation of technique is 40,000 years TERM 5 Functional Intermediacy DEFINITION 5 In every step of the evolution of a trait, it has to be useful for adaptation ASK ABOUT DURING REVIEW TERM 6 Electrophorus (Electric Eels) DEFINITION 6 Uses electricity to sense other things Only had small amount of electricity at the beginning ASK ABOUT DURING REVIEW TERM 7 "Simple Parasite" DEFINITION 7 Barnacles (parasite) get inside crab Grooming behavior of parasite inhabited (stops grooming) Crab stops molting (shedding skin and growing) Parasitic castration (Crab doesn't reproduce) TERM 8 Relative Dating DEFINITION 8 Different rock layers of different ages have characteristic combinations of fossils TERM 9 Law of Superposition DEFINITION 9 Rock layers are older on bottom and younger on top TERM 10 Anthropocene DEFINITION 10 Started 200 years ago Based on human activity that has dramatically affected the Earth's natural systems Has not yet been adapted TERM 21 Heterotrophic Metabolism DEFINITION 21 Eat other things ASK ABOUT DURING REVIEW TERM 22 Electron Transport System DEFINITION 22 Moves across membrane Grab high-energy electrons Carry electrons along molecules CREATES ATP TERM 23 Anaerobic Metabolism DEFINITION 23 Absence of Oxygen Take apart molecules and make ATP No place to put Hydrogen Does not create a lot of ATP ASK ABOUT DURING REVIEW TERM 24 Aerobic Metabolism DEFINITION 24 Presence of Oxygen Hook Hydrogen molecule with Oxygen molecule Each time you do this and move along Electron Transport System you make 3 ATP molecules Produces almost 20 times more ATP than Anaerobic Metabolism Allows organisms to become bigger and more complex TERM 25 Eukaryotic Organisms DEFINITION 25 Complex internal structure Obtains nucleus Mitochondria Chloroplasts Eukaryotic cells found 1.5 billion years ago TERM 26 Monera Kingdom DEFINITION 26 Contains prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria and cyanobacteria TERM 27 Protista Kingdom DEFINITION 27 Contains single-celled eukaryotic organisms Ex: Paramecium TERM 28 Plantae Kingdom DEFINITION 28 Contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms Get energy from photosynthesis TERM 29 Animalia Kingdom DEFINITION 29 Contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms Get energy from ingestion TERM 30 Fungi Kingdom DEFINITION 30 Contains multicellular eukaryotic organisms Get energy from absorption Must have a lot of energy rich molecules in environment Some live in or on organisms (yeast infection, athletes foot) TERM 31 Ciliates: Paramecium DEFINITION 31 Predators (Heterotophs) Move very fast Large single celled Have hundreds to thousands of little hairs that move in a synchronized way (looks like swimming) Has a "mouth" that suck up other cells TERM 32 Surface to Volume Ration DEFINITION 32 Everything moving in or out of the cell goes through the cell membrane Volume increases faster than surface area Eventually, there is not enough surface area to support the volume TERM 33 Snowball Earth DEFINITION 33 Greenhouse gases in atmosphere go down by a significant amount and the entire Earth freezes over Carbon Dioxide thawed Earth back out Jumpstarted more complex organisms TERM 34 Nucleus DEFINITION 34 Contains all DNA molecules (chromosomes) TERM 35 Mitochondria DEFINITION 35 "Powerhouse" of the cell Generates most of the ATP Very small Processes Oxygen Had all the resources it needed inside the cell Came from bacteria DNA is different from form normal DNA of a cell TERM 46 Hard Parts (skeletons) DEFINITION 46 Key to making complex organisms Exoskeleton:shell on the outside of the body (Ex: Crab) Endoskeleton: skeleton on the inside of the body (Ex: Human) Muscular efficiency (need skeleton to move) TERM 47 Cambrian Explosion DEFINITION 47 First period of geologic time scale (1.2 billion years ago) No fossils before this because animals didn't have hard parts Hard parts can be made because of the increase in oxygen to 10 % Ancestors were still evolving, we just couldn't see them because they did not have hard parts (1st model) Sudden explosion of biodiversity at beginning of cambrian, animals that did not have hard parts became extinct (2nd model- more likey to be true) TERM 48 Arthropods DEFINITION 48 Dominant animals on the planet Jointed exoskeleton Ex: Crabs, Lobsters, Insects TERM 49 Chordate DEFINITION 49 Ultimate ancestor of humans Had rod of cartilage in back (turns to spine) TERM 50 Gould: Wonderful life DEFINITION 50 Book about Burgess Shale Talked about students studying one particular organism Unexpected consequence of mass extinction (mass extinction occurred right after burgess shale time, surviving animals quickly evolved and filled in open niches) Something will replace the thing that became extinct (will not be the same thing though Survivors are completely random Cannot throw away things because we dont know what it could do for us in the future TERM 51 Paleozoic Invertebrates DEFINITION 51 Consistent throughout entire era First big era of geologic time scale Mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic Eras had distinctly different organisms Sponges, Crabs, Sea stars, plankton, Squid, Snails, Corals, brachiopods, cephalopods, trilobites, eurypterids, Crinoids TERM 52 Corals DEFINITION 52 Have arms that catch food that goes by Incased in skeleton Filled with photosynthetic cells (need sunlight) TERM 53 Brachiopods DEFINITION 53 Similar to clams Almost extinct TERM 54 Cephalopods DEFINITION 54 Squid Had shells during paleozoic TERM 55 Trilobites DEFINITION 55 Arthropods Two eyes Legs Extinct TERM 56 Eurypterids DEFINITION 56 6 feet long Predators Arthropod Eyes Flippers Extinct TERM 57 Crinoids DEFINITION 57 Built like star fish Had long stalks Grab food that comes by in water Ones that have survived can break stalk and swim away TERM 58 Devonian Period DEFINITION 58 Organisms were all similar in prior periods Similar in devonian besides snails had stronger shell, fish, and petoskey stones TERM 59 Carbon 14 Dating Problem DEFINITION 59 Ref Count- shows approximately 2048 Count for unknown specimen 128 Age of ref sample Half life of c14= 5730 Divide 2048 in half till you get 128 (4x5730=22920) add ref sample