Sleep Disorders & Theories: Insomnia, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Night Terrors, Circadian Rh, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 insomnia DEFINITION 1 persistent problems falling asleep or staying asleep-less sleep, but inaccurate estimates of how much less-sleeping pills & alcohol can aggravate problem TERM 2 narcolepsy DEFINITION 2 periodic, overwhelming sleepiness-often move directly into REM sleep TERM 3 Sleep apnea DEFINITION 3 frequent periods of interrupted breathing during sleep- accompanied by snoring-more common in those with obesity TERM 4 Night terrors DEFINITION 4 State of panic-usually children-during the first few hours of stage 4-doubling of heart rate and breathing, appear terrified-seldom awaken or remember TERM 5 Stage 1 of Sleep DEFINITION 5 Early, light sleepusually around 10 minutesday dreamingtheta waves activitycan experience hypnic jerks: images resembling hallucinations-sensory experiences that occur w/o a sensory stimulus TERM 6 Stage 2 of sleep DEFINITION 6 early, light sleepusually around 20 min, know they have been asleeptheta waves activity TERM 7 Stage 3 of Sleep DEFINITION 7 Beginning of Deep sleepdelta waves activity TERM 8 Stage 4 of sleep DEFINITION 8 First stage of deep sleep-deep sleep oblivion can occur: sleep walking, sleep talking, etc.-body at its lowest level of functioning-delta waves activity TERM 9 REM sleep DEFINITION 9 After reaching the deepest sleep stage, the sleep cycle starts moving backwards towards stage 1.Although still asleep, brain shows beta waves activity.A person during this stage of sleep exhibits rapid eye movements and reports vivid dreams. TERM 10 Hypnosis DEFINITION 10 -can have therapeutic value by helping people relax & sometimes even alleviate pain-2 theories1. type of dissociation2. subjects are creative and playing a role TERM 21 Learning DEFINITION 21 Learning is acquiring new, or modifying existing, knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of information. TERM 22 "relatively permanent" DEFINITION 22 A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience=learning TERM 23 Extinction DEFINITION 23 The diminishing of a conditioned response-occurs when the unconditioned response does not follow the conditioned stimulus. TERM 24 Spontaneous Recovery DEFINITION 24 After a rest period, an extinguished conditioned response reappears TERM 25 Shaping DEFINITION 25 -reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior-successive approximations must receive reward TERM 26 Unconditioned Stimulus DEFINITION 26 a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response-unlearned-eating a cupcake TERM 27 Conditioned Stimulus DEFINITION 27 an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after an association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response-learned-smell of a cupcake baking TERM 28 Unconditioned response DEFINITION 28 the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus-ex: salivate TERM 29 Conditioned Response DEFINITION 29 the learned response to a perviously neutral/conditioned stimulus-ex: salivate TERM 30 Classical Conditioning DEFINITION 30 -type of associative learning-learning to associate one stimulus with another-links two or more stimuli to anticipate events TERM 31 Operant Conditioning DEFINITION 31 -type of associative learning-learning to associate a response (behavior) and its consequences-we repeat acts followed by good results, and avoid acts followed by bad results TERM 32 Observational Learning DEFINITION 32 -learning by observing others-animals & humans both use it, "monkey see, monkey do"-ex: Bobo Doll experiments TERM 33 Stimulus Generalization DEFINITION 33 The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. TERM 34 Stimulus Discrimination DEFINITION 34 -learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and irrelevant stimuli-this ability to discriminate is adaptive TERM 35 primary reinforcers DEFINITION 35 -unlearned-innately satisfying-usually satisfies a biological need-ex: food, drink, sex TERM 46 Retrieval DEFINITION 46 the process of getting information out of memory storage TERM 47 Recall DEFINITION 47 memories retrieved with no or few external cues-essay, short-answer, and fill in the blank questions TERM 48 Recognition DEFINITION 48 the ability to match a piece of infer or a stimulus to what is already in memory-ex: multiple choices ?'s-much easier than recall TERM 49 Flashbulb memories DEFINITION 49 -result of automatic encoding- clear, vivid memories of highly emotional events-amygdala is responsible for this: arousal can make certain events more prominent in memory TERM 50 Explicit Memories DEFINITION 50 memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"-declarative-propositional-ex: facts, "what did i eat for breakfast?", etc-use of hippocampus TERM 51 Implicit memories DEFINITION 51 retention independent of conscious recollection-non declarative-procedural activities-skills/habits-conditioning-ex: phobias, habits, etc.-use of cerebellum TERM 52 Retrieval Cues DEFINITION 52 memories are stored as a web of association TERM 53 Chunking DEFINITION 53 Organizing items into familiar, manageable unitex: acronyms TERM 54 maintenance rehearsal DEFINITION 54 practice of saying info in ones head over and over to maintain it in short-term memory-when rehearsal stops, memory decays TERM 55 elaborative rehearsal DEFINITION 55 way of transferring intro from short-term memory to long- term memory by making it meaningful TERM 56 Semantic Memory DEFINITION 56 -type of explicit/declarative memory-general knowledge that anyone can know-ex: meaning of words, math skills, names of objects, etc TERM 57 Episodic Memory DEFINITION 57 -type of explicit/declarative memory-personal knowledge that each person has of his/her daily life-tend to be updated/revised more often-ex: memories of CERTAIN birthdays, childhood events, etc. TERM 58 Proactive Interference DEFINITION 58 learning X yesterday disrupts learning Y today TERM 59 Retroactive interference DEFINITION 59 learning Y today disrupts that X was learned yesterday TERM 60 Serial position effect DEFINITION 60 a "prejudice" of memory retrieval-info at beginning or end of a list tends to be remembered more easily and accurately TERM 71 Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis DEFINITION 71 The theory that though processes and concepts are controlled by languageex: describing yourself in 2 languages= 2 different descriptions TERM 72 IQ Formula DEFINITION 72 IQ= mental age/chronological age * 100 TERM 73 Sternberg's Intelligences DEFINITION 73 Analytical intelligencecreative intelligencepractical intelligence TERM 74 Analytical Intelligence DEFINITION 74 assessed by intelligence tests.-well defined problems with a clear answer TERM 75 Creative Intelligence DEFINITION 75 Intelligence that makes us adapt to novel situations, generating novel ideas TERM 76 Practical Intelligence DEFINITION 76 Intelligence required for everyday tasks TERM 77 Principles fo Test Construction DEFINITION 77 StandardizationReliabilityValidity TERM 78 Standardization DEFINITION 78 Standardizing a test involves administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparisonstandardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called the normal curve. TERM 79 Reliability DEFINITION 79 A test is reliable when it yields consistent resultsTo establish reliability, researchers establish different procedures to look at correlations between 2 sets of scores. TERM 80 Validity DEFINITION 80 Validity of a test refers to the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed toA test can fail in validity, but still be reliable.