Anatomy and Physiology of Smooth Muscles and Nervous System: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Biology

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TERM 1 smooth muscle structure DEFINITION 1 - small cells linked by desomesomes- no striations- filaments parallel but not in register TERM 2 filaments DEFINITION 2 - thin filaments: actin and tropomysin, no troponin- TM in groove, no AM blocking TERM 3 dense bodies DEFINITION 3 - small muscle equivalent to Z lines- anchored to cell membrane, also in interior- thin filaments attach here and pull ends of cell TERM 4 tone DEFINITION 4 - force with no stimulus- Ca++ leaks in and partially activates smooth muscles- important in BP maintenance, holding cavity contents TERM 5 smooth muscle contraction DEFINITION 5 - different control mechanism than striated muscle Ca++ also activates TERM 6 calcium sources DEFINITION 6 - most: through channels across cell membrane- some: small SR, released by ip3 TERM 7 myosin light chain kinase DEFINITION 7 - Ca++ activated- adds phosphate to myosin light chains- activate myosin ATPase for shortening and force TERM 8 force generation DEFINITION 8 - myosin ADP Pi binds actin, ADP and Pi leave- myosin twists, generates force- filament slide to reduce force- this part similar to striated muscle TERM 9 myosin light chain phosphate DEFINITION 9 - MLCPase removes phosphate from myosin light chains- turn off myosin and causes relaxation when Ca++ is low TERM 10 Latch DEFINITION 10 - removal of pi from light chain when AM attached decreases M detachment rate- maintains force with little energy use- allows BP maintenance with low energy use, allows upright position TERM 21 emotions DEFINITION 21 - reproductive drive, rage, fear, motivation- cortical decisions: few connections to cortex- limited cortical control of emotions- can't make emotions just go away, it takes time- cortical control is over responses- limited input of limbic system to motor areas TERM 22 neurotransmitters DEFINITION 22 - norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin are NTs in the limbic system- after concentration's of NTs have been associated with depression- antidepressant use receptors for these NTs TERM 23 memory DEFINITION 23 - retention, storage and ability to recall into- memory traces are sequences of neural activations- declarative memory- facts, events, words, language, rules- hippocampus and temporal lobe for storage TERM 24 procedural memory DEFINITION 24 - unconscious- physical skills, habits, task; cerebellum plays major role TERM 25 short term memory DEFINITION 25 - seconds to hours- alter activity in existing neurons in hippocampus- can be erased and replaced TERM 26 long term memory DEFINITION 26 - creation of new synapses and memory traces- make multiple copies of important memories over years- retain youthful memories as you age- transfer from hippocampus to cortex TERM 27 working memory DEFINITION 27 - in pre-frontal association cortex- compares newly acquired short term data and stored long term data- determine relevance of new material TERM 28 amnesia DEFINITION 28 - can not recall things TERM 29 retrograde amnesia DEFINITION 29 - caused by trauma- loss of short term memory TERM 30 anterograde DEFINITION 30 - damage to the hippocampus- can't form new LT memories- memory stuck on day of damage- people only remember things that happened a long time ago TERM 31 cerebellum DEFINITION 31 - structure on back of brainstem- controls coordinated movements and learned movements- maintains; balance, coordination, input to cortex TERM 32 brain stem DEFINITION 32 - medulla, pons, mid-brain- interface between spinal cord and higher brain centers- cranial nerves supply sensory and motor functions to head and neck TERM 33 reticular activating system (RAs) DEFINITION 33 - neural net, awareness of surroundings- cortical pain, auditory, visual input- output to cortex and thalamus ---> all cortex- controls consciousness and sleep TERM 34 sleep DEFINITION 34 - low frequency activity in hypothalamus and thalamus- reason needed unknown TERM 35 EEG patterns DEFINITION 35 - slow wave patterns- gives slow wave sleep its name- EEG pattern during REM sleep similar to being awake TERM 46 interneurons DEFINITION 46 between afferent and efferent neurons TERM 47 withdrawal reflex DEFINITION 47 - polysynaptic reflex- multiple neurons between afferent and motor neurons- prolonged response and feedback- very strong reflex, but with potential CNS input TERM 48 strength reflex DEFINITION 48 - muscle length information- monosynaptic reflex- knee jerk- activation of afferent neuron produces reflex response through synapse to efferent neuron- no control by upper CNS TERM 49 sensory receptors (sensation) DEFINITION 49 - connect an environmental signal to the body- transduction is the conversion of stimulus to a physiological signal- the brain converts the physiological signal to perceive sensation TERM 50 stimulus DEFINITION 50 - environmental signal- binds and changes a receptor- each receptor binds on stimulus best TERM 51 sensation DEFINITION 51 - conscious senses- 5 senses- unconscious- position, temp, BP change TERM 52 types of receptors DEFINITION 52 - must bind stimulus- no dendrites on receptor cells TERM 53 physical DEFINITION 53 - physical changes open ion channels- changes membrane potential- touch receptors, hair cells in ears, photoreceptors, baroreceptors TERM 54 chemical DEFINITION 54 - taste, small- chemoreceptors- chemical binds recetors- open channel, changes mp TERM 55 receptor potentials DEFINITION 55 - also called generator potentials, local potentials- depolarized of receptors cells- size of potential proportional to size of stimulus- receptors fields vary in size, depend on number of afferent neurons TERM 56 magnitude DEFINITION 56 - more stimulus ---> greater RP. in receptor cells without AP, release of NT proportional to RP TERM 57 frequency dependence DEFINITION 57 - continuous stimulus --> larger GPs --> more APs to CNS- AP number translated by CNS as size of stimulus TERM 58 adaptation DEFINITION 58 - decrease AP number despite prolonged stimulus TERM 59 phasic receptors DEFINITION 59 - adapt overtime- rate is variable- touch receptors adapt quickly- pain, BP receptors adapt slowly TERM 60 tonic receptors DEFINITION 60 - virtually do not adapt- few true tonic receptors (small receptors)- postural receptors in trunk are near tonic TERM 71 smell DEFINITION 71 - olfactory mucus membrane on roof of nasal cavity > 1000 different odor receptors- largest gene family- molecules must diffuse through mucus (H2O soluble) and bind to receptors to activate- must be volatile enough to float TERM 72 olfactory receptors DEFINITION 72 - part of dendrites of olfactory neurons- covered by mucus- neurons turn over every few weeks- unusual: dendrites as receptors TERM 73 olfactory adaption DEFINITION 73 - unusual: receptors primarily tonic- unusual: most adaption in CNS- brain can overcome adaption- adaption to one smell TERM 74 cornea DEFINITION 74 - clear, non-cellular front of eye- light passes through, not refracted (bent) TERM 75 lens-ciliary body DEFINITION 75 - lends refracts light to focus on retina- CB has muscles parallel to lens- muscle contraction allows lens to round up- focus near- muscles relax for distance vision TERM 76 iris DEFINITION 76 - opes/closes pupil- smooth muscle- contractions adjust to light level TERM 77 aqueous humor DEFINITION 77 - between cornea and lens- constant production and drainage- glaucoma: less drainage of excess production --> higher pressure --> retinal damage- beta blockers: lower production, cholinergic agonist drainage TERM 78 vitreous humor DEFINITION 78 - gel-like-bulk of eye volume- between lens and retina- maintenance of eyeball shape- no refreaction TERM 79 retina DEFINITION 79 - visual receptors at the back of the eye- multiple cell layers TERM 80 choroid DEFINITION 80 - highly pigmented layer behind retina- absorbs light- no reflection- no signal TERM 81 refraction DEFINITION 81 - bending of light waves- glycoproteins in lens refract light, focus it on the retina TERM 82 retina DEFINITION 82 - light passes through bipolar and ganglion cells to reach photoreceptor cells- bipolar and ganglion cells pulled back at fovea- fovea has best color vision- dense cone concentration TERM 83 photoreceptors DEFINITION 83 - rods: shades of gray- most photoreceptors- cones: color receptors- fewer overall receptors- rods & cones produce receptor potentials- no APs- both converge on bipolar cells TERM 84 bipolar cells DEFINITION 84 - generator potentials- activated by rods and cones- no APs, synapse with ganglion cells- edge effect center / surround on/off effects TERM 85 ganglion cells DEFINITION 85 - reach threshold and fire APs that leave eye for CNS- carry visual information to lateral genigulate, part of thalamus- cortex