Terms and Definitions in Developmental Psychology and Genetics, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 Human Genome Project DEFINITION 1 Advantages: complete map of human genetics that links genes to outcomes Disadvantages: Not done yet; technological hurdles fucking kill me now TERM 2 Twin Studies DEFINITION 2 This gives scientists their most practical option for examining the contributions of nature v.s nurture TERM 3 Identical Twins DEFINITION 3 1 egg splitting in 2 creating 2 genetically identical organisms (same sex) TERM 4 Fraternal Twins DEFINITION 4 develop from separate fertilized eggs; genetically equal to sibling with the same parental environment (same or different sex) TERM 5 Separated Twins DEFINITION 5 provides the opportunity to note the effect of different environments on genetically identical individuals TERM 6 Adoption Studies DEFINITION 6 this study examines the same problem from the other end of the continuum such as attitudes, values, personality and temperament. TERM 7 Prenatal Development: ZYGOTE DEFINITION 7 fertilized egg that undergoes a period of rapid growth and after sperm gets in, the egg hardens TERM 8 Prenatal Development: EMBRYO DEFINITION 8 2 weeks to 2 months and usually when miscarriage and diseases become evident. TERM 9 Prenatal Development: FETUS DEFINITION 9 9 weeks to birth TERM 10 Prenatal Development: TERATOGENS DEFINITION 10 harmful agents such as chemicals, viruses or anything that can cause damage to prenatal development TERM 21 A not B error DEFINITION 21 cloth and object; During 1st year of age, child gradually acquire the ability to remember the object even when it is not there. Piaget's Conclusion: child doesn't have full object concept TERM 22 Direct Imitation DEFINITION 22 Meltcoff shared that newborn infants were capable of imitating a range of responses modeled by an actor TERM 23 Theory of Mind DEFINITION 23 people's ideas of their own and other's mental state (Sally Anne Test) TERM 24 Attachment DEFINITION 24 Old view: thought attachment was made by caregivers Harry Harlow: used monkeys to find the importance of contact comfort; not just about food and care TERM 25 Stranger Anxiety DEFINITION 25 infants become intensely attached to those who care for them; preferring familiar faces and roles TERM 26 Morelli's Strange-Situation Test DEFINITION 26 infants vary in degree of secure attachment to caregivers. The SECURELY attached child will feel confident to explore TERM 27 Secure Attachment DEFINITION 27 freak out and then fine when mom is back TERM 28 Avoidant Attachment DEFINITION 28 child just looks at the caregiver without any emotional attachment TERM 29 Resistant Attachment DEFINITION 29 child flips out and then flips out some more TERM 30 Authoritarian Parenting DEFINITION 30 parents that impose rules and expect obedience TERM 31 Permissive Parenting DEFINITION 31 submit to their kid's desires, make few demands and use little punishment TERM 32 Authoritative Parenting DEFINITION 32 both demanding and responsive. They exert control by making rules and enforcing them, but also by explaining the reasons for the rules TERM 33 Adolescence DEFINITION 33 transition period from childhood to adulthood TERM 34 Puberty DEFINITION 34 period of sexual maturation; during which a person becomes capable of sexual reproductionDevelopment of primary sexual organs TERM 35 Conventional Stage DEFINITION 35 care for others and uphold laws and social rules simply because they are rules (early adolescence) TERM 46 Associative Learning DEFINITION 46 learning that has two events that occur together TERM 47 Classical Conditioning DEFINITION 47 Pavlov; learning by ASSOCIATION. A learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli TERM 48 Unconditioned Response DEFINITION 48 an unlearned response TERM 49 Unconditioned Stimuli DEFINITION 49 stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response TERM 50 Conditioned Response DEFINITION 50 learned response that is the same to unconditioned response TERM 51 Condition Stimuli DEFINITION 51 irrelevant stimulus that after association triggers a conditioned response TERM 52 Acquisition DEFINITION 52 the initial learning stage of classical conditioning TERM 53 Extinction DEFINITION 53 diminishing of a conditioned response TERM 54 Spontaneous Recovery DEFINITION 54 reappearance after a pause of an unconditioned response TERM 55 Generalization DEFINITION 55 tendency, once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar response. (dog and thigh and dog and paw) TERM 56 Discrimination DEFINITION 56 learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus TERM 57 Biological Disposition DEFINITION 57 people will not repeat a negative situation again (can be good or bad) TERM 58 Watson's Little Albert DEFINITION 58 human behavior is affected by conditioned responses TERM 59 Behaviorism DEFINITION 59 study what we can observe and measure1. Psychology should be an objective science 2. Psychology should study behavior without reference to mental processing TERM 60 Thorndike DEFINITION 60 exampled with cats- actions=rewards and this makes the action remembered TERM 71 Relayed Reinforcement DEFINITION 71 incidental behaviors to intervene and be reinforced; longer time in between behavior and reward is bad; simple organisms cannot link TERM 72 Continuous Reinforcement DEFINITION 72 rewarding the behavior every time TERM 73 Fixed Ratio DEFINITION 73 schedule of reinforcement that rewards a response only AFTER a set number of responses TERM 74 Variable Ratio DEFINITION 74 unpredictable number of responses TERM 75 Punishment DEFINITION 75 best when combined with reinforcement/swift, timely, sure TERM 76 Positive Punishment DEFINITION 76 administer an aversive stimulus such as spanking TERM 77 Negative Punishment DEFINITION 77 withdrawal of a desirable stimulus such as timeout TERM 78 Latent Learning DEFINITION 78 learning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is incentive to do so. TERM 79 Over justification Effect DEFINITION 79 promising an award for something you already enjoy TERM 80 Intrinsic Behavior DEFINITION 80 desire to preform because you really like it TERM 81 Extrinsic Behavior DEFINITION 81 desire to preform due to promise of rewards or threats of punishment TERM 82 Thinking DEFINITION 82 cognition; process of knowing, remembering, understanding and communicating