Exam 2 | PSYCH 201 - INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Exam 2 | PSYCH 201 - INTRO TO PSYCHOLOGY and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 law of effect DEFINITION 1 Thorndike; states that behavior is controlled by its consequences TERM 2 operant conditioning DEFINITION 2 learning that results when an organism associates a response that occurs spontaneously with a particular environmental effect TERM 3 reinforcer DEFINITION 3 an environmental consequence that occurs after an organism has produced a response and makes the response more likely to recur TERM 4 B.F. Skinner DEFINITION 4 pigeon in cage; used positive reinforcement TERM 5 positive reinforcement DEFINITION 5 rewarding stimulus that strengthens a behavior when presented TERM 6 shaping DEFINITION 6 The differential reinforcement of successive approximations, or more commonly, shaping is a conditioning procedure used primarily in the experimental analysis of behavior. TERM 7 continuous reinforcement DEFINITION 7 operant conditioning procedure in which the environmental consequencs are the same each time and organism emits a behavior TERM 8 partial reinforcement DEFINITION 8 an organism is reinforced only some of the time it emits a behavior; also called intermittent schedule of reinforcement TERM 9 punishment DEFINITION 9 decreases the probability that a behavior will occur; positive- something is presented; negative- something is taken away TERM 10 problems with punishment DEFINITION 10 animals and young children have trouble determining which operant is being punished; fear of punisher; may not eliminate existing rewards; time period between action and punishment may render punishment unsuccessful; aggression leads to further aggression TERM 21 long term memory DEFINITION 21 memory for facts, images, thoughts, feelings, skills and experiences that may last a lifetime TERM 22 proactive interference DEFINITION 22 a phenomenon in which old memories that have already been stored interfere with the retrieval of new information (calling a loved one by the wrong name) TERM 23 retroactive interference DEFINITION 23 new information interferes with old information (having trouble remembering home phone numbers from past addresses) TERM 24 confabulation DEFINITION 24 memories are remembered falsely TERM 25 false memory syndrome DEFINITION 25 False memory syndrome describes a condition in which a person's identity and relationships are affected by memories which are factually incorrect but are strongly believed. TERM 26 cognition DEFINITION 26 Cognition is the scientific term for mental processes. TERM 27 schema DEFINITION 27 patterns of thought that render the environment relatively predictable. TERM 28 mental model DEFINITION 28 representations that describe, explain, or preduct the way things work TERM 29 concept DEFINITION 29 a mental representation of a category of objects, ideas, or events that share common properties TERM 30 inductive reasoning DEFINITION 30 reasoning from specific observations to more general propositions TERM 31 prototype DEFINITION 31 a good example of a category TERM 32 deductive reasoning DEFINITION 32 reasoning that draws logical conclusions from premises (general to specific) TERM 33 analogical reasoning DEFINITION 33 understanding a situation in terms of a familiar one TERM 34 algorithm DEFINITION 34 systematic problem-solving procedures that inevitably produce a solution TERM 35 heuristic DEFINITION 35 Heuristic refers to experience-based techniques for problem solving, learning, and discovery. (cognitive shortcuts) TERM 46 Whorfian hypothesis DEFINITION 46 language shapes thought TERM 47 IQ DEFINITION 47 intelligAn intelligence quotient, or IQ, is a score derived from one of several different standardized tests designed to assess intelligence. =Mental age/chronological age *100 TERM 48 psychometric approach DEFINITION 48 tries to derive some kind of theoretical meaning empirically from statistical analysis of psychometric test findings. people with good vocabulary tend to have strong verbal reasoning skills TERM 49 two-factor theory of intelligence DEFINITION 49 Spearman; two types of factors (g-factor & s-factor) underlie intelligence TERM 50 g-factor DEFINITION 50 general intelligence factor that emerges through factro analysis of IQ tests TERM 51 s-factor DEFINITION 51 specific cognitive abilities TERM 52 fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence DEFINITION 52 In psychology, fluid and crystallized intelligence are factors of general intelligence originally identified by Raymond Cattell. fluid-ability to draw inferences, find analogies, recognize patternscrystallized- store of knowledge, vocabulary, general world knowledge TERM 53 Gf-Gc theory DEFINITION 53 fluid and crystallized intelligence; Cattell TERM 54 theory of multiple intelligences DEFINITION 54 GardnerThe theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983 as a model of intelligence that differentiates intelligence into various specific modalities, rather than seeing it as dominated by a single general ability. TERM 55 factor analysis DEFINITION 55 Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved, uncorrelated variables called factors. TERM 56 savant syndrome DEFINITION 56 Savant syndrome, sometimes referred to as savantism, is a rare condition in which people with developmental disorders have one or more areas of expertise, ability, or brilliance that are in contrast with the individual's overall limitations. TERM 57 down syndrome DEFINITION 57 Down syndrome, or Down's syndrome, trisomy 21, is a chromosomal condition caused by the presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome. TERM 58 heritability DEFINITION 58 Heritability is the proportion of phenotypic variation in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals. TERM 59 cognitive resources DEFINITION 59 The essence of the theory is thatstressis the enemy ofrationality, damaging leaders' ability to think logically and analytically. However, the leader's experience and intelligence can lessen the influence of stress on his (or her) actions: intelligence is the main factor in low-stress situations, whilst experience counts for more during high-stress moments. TERM 60 cognitive unconscious DEFINITION 60 information-processing mechanisms that operate outside awareness rather than information the person is motivated to keep from awareness.