Understanding Anxiety Disorders and Mood Disorders: Definitions, Causes, and Treatments, Quizzes of Abnormal Psychology

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TERM 1 Anxiety DEFINITION 1 unpleasant emotion characterized by a general sense of danger, dread and psychological arousal (normal for threatening/dangerous situation) Freud laid foundation of anxiety TERM 2 Fear DEFINITION 2 relative to anxiety, in which danger is an "actual" threat, or more specific TERM 3 Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 3 experiencing severe anxiety and fear in contexts that do not warrant such feelings, muscle tension during minor threat, or no threat anxiety is PRIMARY symptom --also, A.D. high comorbidity- often develop more than 1 disorder if diagnosed TERM 4 Panic Attack DEFINITION 4 discrete episode of acute terror in the absence of real danger - NOT diagnosis. cycle of hypervent & phys stressors Uncued- out of no where Situational Predisposed- predictable Situational Bound- always in same situation TERM 5 Agoraphobia DEFINITION 5 fear or wide open spaces or crowded places not the fear of the place itself, but of possibly having a panic attack can result in avoidance of situations TERM 6 Panic Disorder DEFINITION 6 discrete episodes of intense terror (panic attacks) in the absence of real danger, causing ongoing distress or impairment acute bursts of extreme anxiety UNCUED PA fear of PA can lead to Agoraphobia "fearing fear itself" TERM 7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 7 (GAD)- Chronic, deliberating, pervasive anxiety or nervousness no 'busts'- worried most of the time worries are usually irrational - causes distress and interferes w/ functioning TERM 8 Phobias DEFINITION 8 an intense, persistent, and irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation go out of way to avoid, even if disturbance specific & social TERM 9 Specific Phobia (4) DEFINITION 9 excessive, unreasonable fear ex. snake phobia-- where can't walk in yard/go to park Animal Phobias- self explanatory Natural Environment Phobias- fear of heights/water/weather events Blood Injection Injury Phobias- needles, med proced, harm 2 self Situational phobias- for or specific areas (ex. enclosed spaces- airplanes & elevators) TERM 10 Social Phobia DEFINITION 10 fear of possibility of being observed, judged in public- think they will humiliate/embarrass themselves often recognize fears are excessive some avoid social situations all together ex. having to go to store, speaking in front of others, interviews TERM 21 Anxiety: Family Explantaions DEFINITION 21 parental modeling of anxiety- stressors, trauma, disasters, crises ex. overprotective parent- can unintentionally imply danger in situation controlling, rejecting parents --parents may model anxiety behaviors may have to do w/ insecure/anxious/resistant attachment TERM 22 Anxiety: Behavioral Explanations DEFINITION 22 classical & operant conditioning, and combo Classical: 'trained' (unconditioned response/stimuli, conditioned response/stimuli) Operant- rewards & punishment,reinforment -- i.e. avoidance is negatively reinforced because it removes people from feared unpleasant situations. people feel better when they avoid feared objects TERM 23 Anxiety: Psychodynamic Explanations DEFINITION 23 generally- high levels of anxiety arise from disrupted or inadequate early parent-child relationships may lack sense of control b/c of this sense of unpredictability regarding future events if that's threatened TERM 24 Anxiety Treatments: Biological DEFINITION 24 Benzos- (Valium, Xanax, Ativan) enhance GABA addicting, no long term relief, could be lethal w/ other depressants Antidepressants (SSRIs)= preferred treatment for most anxiety disorders (80% felt better) TERM 25 Anxiety Treatment: Cognitive therapy (3) DEFINITION 25 teaches client that anxious feelings arise from problematic thoughts and maladaptive thought patterns (cognitive distortions) CHALLENGE dysfunctional schemas/thoughts Examine evidence- look realistically of what's happening in stead of assuming the negative in a situation Test Hypothesis- see what actual chances are that something bad might happen Decatastrophize-thinking about the worse thing that could happen in a situation and thinking about whether this is really so bad TERM 26 Anxiety Treatment: Behavioral DEFINITION 26 exposure based practices systematic Desensitization & flooding Exposure & response prevention (OCD) TERM 27 Systematic Desensitization DEFINITION 27 gradually increasing exposure to a feared object panic disorder: deliberate induction of physiological sensations of panic attack, to conduct systematic desensitization TERM 28 Flooding DEFINITION 28 intensive exposure to a eared stimulus (Snake girl) - phobias TERM 29 Exposure & Response Prevention DEFINITION 29 interrupts compulsions and negative reinforcement (OCD) ex. contamination OCD- place hand in dirt and not allowed to wash TERM 30 Moods (EPMP) DEFINITION 30 range from elevated to depressed, and include emotion, cognitive, motivational, and physical components duration and intensity- important factors in determining psychopathology unipolar- one mood disorder, 'just depression' bipolar- two mood disorder 'depression + mania' TERM 31 Major Depressive Episode DEFINITION 31 at least 2 weeks of depressed moodaccompanied by a characteristic pattern of depressive symptom symptoms nearly every day TERM 32 Manic Episode DEFINITION 32 at least 1 week of elevated, euphoric or irritable accompanied by characterized pattern of manic symptoms TERM 33 Mixed Episode DEFINITION 33 at least 1 week of a mixture of manic and depressive symptoms TERM 34 Hypomanic Episode DEFINITION 34 at least 4 days of elevated, euphoric or irritable mood that is less severe than a manic episode TERM 35 Major Depressive Disorder DEFINITION 35 occurrence of 1 or more major depressive episodes NO mania, hypomanic, 1 major depressive episode (lifetime prevalence 17% of US Population) women 2ce s likely to be diagnosed TERM 46 Inter-Personal Therapy & Family Therapy DEFINITION 46 IPT:focuses on problematic relationships to coping w/ loss of relationships (good for mood!) Family Therapy- helpful w/ depressed kids when parents are depressed TERM 47 Substance DEFINITION 47 preferred term for psychoactive (brain effecting) drugs and alcohol TERM 48 Substance Intoxication DEFINITION 48 experience of reversible condition due to the effect of a substance on the CNS TERM 49 Substance Abuse DEFINITION 49 the repeated use of substances that lead to recurring problems consequences and problems w/ substance use (DUI) TERM 50 Substance Dependence DEFINITION 50 maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to either psychological dependence or significant impairment or distress "Addiction" attempts to stop that doesn't succeed loss of control TERM 51 Tolerance & Withdrawal DEFINITION 51 Tolerance- need for increasing amount, body's adaptation to substance Withdrawal- physical, psychological or behavioral symptoms if use is decrease or stopped TERM 52 Categories of Substances: Depressants DEFINITION 52 alcohol, benzo (valium), barbiturates, inhalants (glue) S L O W or inhibit CNS, act on GABA (aroused) make people relaxed/sleepy, reduce concentration and impair motor thinking skills TERM 53 Categories of Substances: Stimulants DEFINITION 53 increase CNS-- produce feelings of optimism & energy depressed may choose stimulant caffeine, cocaine, nicotine, ritalin/adderall, amphetamines TERM 54 Categories of Substances: Opioids DEFINITION 54 relieves pain and produces euphoria opium poppy morphine, heroin, codeine, methadone TERM 55 Categories of Substances: Hallucinogens/ PCP DEFINITION 55 Hallucinogens- substances LSD, MDMA (ecstacy) and peyotePCP- powder .. many on same effects as hallo, toxic and dangerous TERM 56 Categories of Substances: Cannabis DEFINITION 56 marijuana- more widely used illegal drug in the world some evidence for pain relief and appetite improvement for severe illness happiness, humor, dream-like state TERM 57 Substance Disorders: Explanations, Disease Model DEFINITION 57 Disease (MEdical) Model- dominant approach to explaining and treating substance use disorders today argues that substance dependence is like other MEDICAL diseases TERM 58 Substance Disorders: Explanations, Psychological Model DEFINITION 58 Psychological Model- views substance dependence as symptoms of underlying problem TERM 59 Multiple Causality DEFINITION 59 idea that multiple components are useful (best approach)- same as diathesis-stress model TERM 60 Substance Disorders: Bio explanations DEFINITION 60 Genetics how easily metabolize, (adoption and twin studies show high correlations of dependence among family members) dopamine in mesolimibic POWERFUL REINFORCE effects (flood reward pathway) drugs become one and only way to produce pleasure