Historical Overview and Analysis of Structured Personality Tests, Exams of Psychology

Download Historical Overview and Analysis of Structured Personality Tests and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 2 PSYCH 315 CPI - a structured personality test used in counseling with dichotomous (T/F) statements you respond to. Tests of Mental abilities - distinguish those with subnormal mental abilities from those with normal abilities. personality characteristics - non-intellective aspects of human behavior, typically distinguished from mental abilities. Personality - relatively stable and distinctive patterns of behavior that characterize an individual and his or her reactions to the environment. Personality traits - the relatively enduring disposition - tendency to act thing or feel in a certain manner in any given circumstance Personality types - refer to general descriptions of people; for example, avoiding types have low social interest and low activity and cope by avoiding social situations. Personality states - refer to emotional reactions that vary from one situation to another. self-concept - refers to a person's self-definition or, according to C. R. Rogers (1959a), an organized and relatively consistent set of assumptions that a person has about himself or herself. Alfred Binet - hypothesized a person's pattern of intellectual functioning might reveal information about personality factors. human personality tests were not developed until WW1. Developers first task was to identify emotionally unstable military recruits. Used the psychiatric interview self report questionnaires - provided a list of statements and required subjects to respond in some way to each, such as marking "True" or "False" to indicate whether the statement applied to them. structured - asked to respond to a written statement. Lacks ambiguity. Yes or no responses. projective - provide ink blot images. Stimulus is ambiguous with few guidelines structured personality tests: 2 strategies, deductive and empirical Deductive - use reason and deductive logic to determine the meaning of a test response. Comprised of the theoretical approach and the logical-content Logical content method - (which branches into content approach, intuitive approach and rational approach) test designers select items on the basis of simple face validity. It uses reason and deductive logic in development of personality measures. Designer tries to deduce type of content hat should measure the characteristic to be assessed. Theoretical approach - test construction is guided by a particular psychological theory. Begins with the theory about the nature of particular characteristics to be measured. Attempt made to deduce item. Empirical strategies - comprise the criterion-group and the factor analysis method. Rely on data collection and statistical analysis to determine the meaning of a test response or nature of personality and psychopathology. Asked to respond to items that describe their own views, opinions, and feelings. Use experimental research to find meaning. Criterion-group approach - test designers administer a group of items criterion group (a group of individuals with certain characteristics) as well as control group. They then attempt to locate the items that distinguish criterion group from control group or how the two contrast. Cross validate the scale by checking how well it distinguished independent criterion sample (individuals known to possess same characteristics) from the control group. Once scale is cross validated you can obtain standard scores. Next you should conduct additional research to ascertain empirically what it means when subjects endorse a large number of items on a scale. Factor analytic strategy - uses factory analysis (reduce data to small descriptive number) to derive empirically the basic dimensions of personality. Look at how scores correlate with each other (variance). If a substantial proportion of variability in all 4 scales is related to a common factor it could be argued that it is all one scale. Logical-content strategy - Woolworth Personality Data Sheet, Bell Adjustment Inventory, Bernreuter Personality inventory, Mooney Problem Checklist. Criticism: Useful screening devices and methods to obtain info about a person without extensive interview however assumes subject takes normal approach (complies to instructions, reads items, answer honestly), answer objectively Woodworth Personal Data Sheet - First personality inventory ever. created during WW1 to determine military recruits who likely break down in combat. 116 yes or no questions all selected from known symptoms of emotional disorders. Pencil and paper review to determine if the needed further interviewing. Items selected through logical-content approach. Endorsed by 25% of a normal sample excluded to reduce false Guilford - Instead of comparing one test at a time to a series of tests Guilford determined interrelationship (intercorrelation) of a wide variety of test and factor analyzed the results in an effort to find the main dimensions underlying all personality tests. Captures the major dimensions of personality. Turned into single scale called Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey Guilford Zimmerman Temperament Survey - Personality in 10 dimensions measured by 30 items (general activity, restraint, ascendance (leadership), sociability, emotional stability, objectivity, friendliness, thoughtfulness, personal relations, and masculinity) Yes or no questions with 3 verification keys. 16 personality factor - Source traits; 16 personality dimensions found from factor analysis by Cattel. Norms done for men and women alone and together. 6 forms available. 2 forms for 3 levels of vocabulary proficiency. Parallel inventory Junior Senior High School Personality Questionnaire as well Clinical Analysis Questionnaire (as result of cross cultural studies. Added 12 new factors) Theoretical Strategy - a way to avoid potential disagreement and biases that stem from factor analysis as well as use theory to guide construction of structured personality test. Predictions made about scale and if they hold up scale is supported. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule - Theoretical strategy test (no right or wrong answers) uses ipsative scores. Based on need system by Murray (achievement, deference, exhibition) 15 needs selected. Choosing from a theory edwards avoided blind, subjective and theoretical approaches of other strategies. To solve issues of response styles and biases he Created pairs of items comparable in social desirability to prevent this. Created consistency scale. 15 pairs of statements. Forced choice method. Ipsative score - present results in relative terms rather than absolute. Compares the individual against himself and produce data that reflect relative strength of each need for that person. Personality Research Form, Third Edition (PRF-III) and Jackson Personality Inventory Revised (JPI-R) - based on Murray's theory of needs. Unlike edwards constructors developed specific definitions of each need to make each scale as independent as possible to make homogeneous scales. Includes F scale and K scale. Items balanced in true-false keying and have no item overlap. Self-concept - set of assumptions a person has about herself. What you believe to be true about yourself will strongly affect your behavior. Believe you're honest that you will act according to this belief. Several adjective checklists develop to eval self-concept. Experiences inconsistent with self-concept tend to be denied or distorted. Rogers uses Q-sort technique. Set of cards and asked to sort in 2. Who they really are vs. who they should be. Positive Personality Measurement and the NEO Personality Inventory-Three (NEO-PI-3) - Look at person positive characteristics to understand resources individual has endowed with an d how affects their behavior and well-being. Ability to live satisfying life based on personal positive characteristics rather than absence os psychopathology or negative affect. NEO Personality Inventory- Three (factor analysis and theory in item development and scale construction. Provide multipurpose inventory for predicting interests, health and illness behavior, psychological well-being and characteristic coping styles. Looks at 3 domains Neuroticism, Extroversion, Openness with 6 facets. 14 items written for 18 facets). five factor model of personality - Extroversion is the degree to which a person is sociable, leader-like, and asser- tive as opposed to withdrawn, quiet, and reserved. Neuroticism is the degree to which a person is anxious and insecure as opposed to calm and self-confident Conscientiousness is the degree to which a person is persevering, responsible, and organized as opposed to lazy, irresponsible, and impulsive (predictor of performance in all occupations and coping abilities). Agreeableness is the degree to which a person is warm and cooperative as op- posed to unpleasant and disagreeable. Openness to experience is the degree to which a person is imaginative and curious as opposed to concrete-minded and narrow in thinking. Thought to be biologically equal across populations. Not necessarily true. General factor of personality - knowledge of its existence is useful where a compound measure of personality is needed. Contributed to theoretical and practical use of personality tests. Rosenberg Self-esteem scale - Used widely to measure global feelings of self worth with 10 simple questions with 4 point likert scale for adults. Has a strong psychometric property. Great research conducted with ranges of populations. General Self-Efficacy Scale - measure individuals belief in his or her ability to organize resources and manage situations to persist in face of barrier and recover from setbacks. Correlated positively with favorable emotions, optimism, and self-esteem. Eco Resiliency Scale - Block and Kremen 14 item with 4 point likert scale. Dispositional Resilience Scale - measures hardiness (ability to view stressful situations as meaningful, changeable, and challenging). Predictor of grades at West Point. High in this low in worry. Hope scale - snider's cognitive model that characterizes hope as goal- driven energy (agency) in combination with the capacity to construct systems to meet goals (pathways). measures the components of this cognitive model. The scale consists of 12 items that are rated on an 8-point Likert scale ranging from "definitely false" to "definitely true." High scores predictive of college graduation Life Orientation Test-Revised - The LOT-R is the most widely used self-report measure of dispositional optimism, which is defined as an individual's tendency to view the world and the future in posi- tive ways. The LOT-R consists of 10 items developed to assess individual differences in generalized optimism versus pessimism. Items are answered on a 5-point response scale ranging from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." more susceptible to faking good Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) - The five-item SWLS was developed as a multi-item scale for the overall assessment of life satisfaction as a cognitive-judgmental process, rather than for the measurement of specific satisfaction domains. Most widely used. Used to look at minorities and validated for different countries. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) - The PANAS was developed by Watson, Clark, and Tellegen to measure two orthogonal dimensions of affect. one for positive affect (PA) and one for negative affect (NA). Each scale consists of 10 adjectives such as distressed, interested, guilty, afraid, and nervous. The respondents are asked to rate the extent to which their moods have mirrored the feelings described by each adjective during a specified period of time. Coping Intervention for Stressful Situations (CISS) - a 48-item ques- tionnaire that measures coping styles by asking subjects how they would respond to a variety of stressful situations. Using a 5-point Likert scale with choices rang- ing from "not at all" to "very much," this inventory assesses individuals according to three basic coping styles: task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping, and avoid- ance-oriented coping. Interest Inventories - tests that provide feedback about interests to help make career choices. First created in 1921 Carnegie Interest Inventory Strong Vocational Interest Blank - After WW1 Strong realized people in different professions had different interests (hobbies, entertainment etc). This test matches interest of subject to interest and values of criterion group of people happy in their careers. This is called the criterion group approach. Items weighted according to how frequently interest occurred in a particular occupational group as opposed to how infrequently in general population. Patterns of interest remain relatively stable over time and are well established by 17. No longer used but it has evolved. Campbell - Strong Campbell interest inventory created by evolution of Strong Vocational Inventory. Reduced gender bias (as strong was separated by men and women). Took over SVIB after strong died. Because he was from a different university (Minnesota vs. Stanford) there was a legal dispute of ownership. Therefore, he created the Campbell Interest and Skill Survey and Stanford created the Strong Interest Inventory Strong Interest Inventory - revision to previous sand offers a five choice likert format. Core is the Basic Interest Scales. Includes additional 41 content scales due to changes in work life and places. Greater focus on careers in business and tech for men and women and a more diverse normative group. Also considers 31 colleges majors and looks at relationships between content scales and choice of college majors. Validity for wide variety of college major choices. Campbell Interest and Skill Survey - respondent assess degree of interest in 200 academic and occupational topics. Also assess degree of skill in 120 occupations. offers interest level, skill score and academic focus scale (help subject overgeneralizes from a part to a whole: "It looked like my mother because of the eyes. My mother has large piercing eyes just like these." More of these statements mad the more likely they are in disordered state. Rorschach Comprehensive System. (The results indicate that administration skills can have a dramatic impact and may contribute to variations in samples collected by different investigators) However, still don't believe it remedied the inadequacies. - Overpathologizing - diagnoses from rorschach wrongly identifies more than half of normal individuals as emotionally disturbed. Many mislabeled which is traumatizing. Unreliable scoring - Parker tried to do meta analysis however flawed on the grounds that results on validity were not analyzed separately from results on reliability Holtzman Inkblot Test - fixes rorschach issues of variable number of responses from one subject to another. It also maintains the advantages of the inkblot methodology. Subject can only give one response per card. Administration and scoring are standardized and carefully described. Two forms (A and B) with 45 cards. Each response measured on 22 dimensions (similar to Rorschach). There are well established norms. Thematic Apperception Test - well received by scientific community. Based on Murray's theory of needs. No billed as a diagnostic instrument but rather a test of disordered emotional states and measuring personality characteristics. Consists of pictures that depict a variety of scenes. 30 pictures that depict scenes and one blank. (some only done for young and old and men vs. women) . Murray's Theory - 28 human needs (sex, affiliation, achievement, and dominance) Children's Apperception Test - TAT made for children ages 3-10 but uses animals instead of humans The Tell Me A Story test - TAT with 23 chromatic pictures of minority and non minority characters in urban and familial settings. The Senior Apperception Technique or Gerontological Apperception test for elderly - Word Association test - psychologists say a word and you say the first word that comes to mind.Dates back to Galton. Kent and Rasanoff tried to standardize words and present to 1000 normal adults and objective scoring created. Sentence Completion Task - tasks provide a stem that the subject is asked to complete. is believed to reflect that person's needs, conflicts, values, and thought processes.Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank. The Rotter provides 40 stems, each of which is scored on a 7-point system. In general, short sentences with some humor and positive content get the highest scores—Long, complex sentences with negative or depressed content receive the lowest scores—for example. Washington University Sentence Completion Test (WUSCT), measures ego development, or degrees of autonomy, acceptance of self, and awareness of personal faults Figure Drawing tests - Expressive techniques. Ask subject to create something. Typically a drawing. Draw a Person test, House tree Person test, Kinetic family Drawing Test (family pic). Projective drawing tests are scored on several dimensions, including absolute size, relative size, omissions, and disproportions. Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test (has acceptable correlations) cognitive behavior assessment or behavioral assessment - alternatives to tests developed by psychologist specializing in cognitive behavioral principles. Help to test what sort of treatments would work. behaviors thought of as processes or physiological responses that define a disordered condition are considered the real problem. Doesn't ignore causes of psychological disorders. Evaluate factors that precede coexist and follow the behavior. (Environmental factors, thought processes or both) More direct than traditional test. Less inferential assumptions. Help child understand why not eating so it would no longer be avoided. Medical Model - overt manifestation of a disordered psychological condition are only symptoms - surface expressions of an underlying cause. Traditional testing based on the medical model. Disordered behavior believed to be as a result of underlying characteristic. Looks at underlying causes of symptoms. There are several categories of alternatives to traditional testing procedures - operant conditioning techniques, self report techniques, cognitive techniques, psychophysiological techniques, psychophysiological procedures. operant conditioning - psychologists observe the behaviors of an individual. After individual makes a response they can do something to the individual to alter the probability of the recurrence of the response. Present something positive or negative to increase rate of recurrence. Or add adverse or remove to reduce rate. 1. identify critical behavior (find a baseline) 2, determine excess or deficit 3. evaluate critical behaviors frequency, duration or intensity 4. if excess decrease in deficit increase. behavioral excess: behavior occurs too frequently. behavioral deficit: too infrequently Self-report technique - list of statements about a particular situation and subject is tasked to respond to each statement to indicate the importance or relevance of the statement. Assumes the person's responses reflect individual differences and measure some other observable heavier. Fear Survey Schedule - Since introduction in 1950s it has undergone many changes and adaptions (phobias). Items typically related to situations that involve fear and avoidance behaviors. Subjects rate each item according to degree of fear. Attempts to identify those situations that elicit fear (avoidance) They can them help treat people to reduce the fear. Assertive Behavior Survey Schedule - self report questionnaire for assertiveness in which you indicate responses you would make in specific situations that call for assertiveness. Beck's Cognitive Model of Psychopathology - based on schemas. First impression you make schema and second interaction you add or subtract from the schema. Schemas serve to organize prior experience, guide interpretations of new experiences and shape expectancies and predictions. Dysfunctional schemas predispose individual to develop pathological behaviors. Schemas - cognitive frameworks or organizing principles of thought. Developed from first encounter and from then on you add or subtract from the schema. Dysfunctional Attitude Scale - It identifies beliefs that might interact with a stressor to produce psychopathology. Provided list of statements and respond on 7-pount likert scale. Irrational beliefs test - 100 item test developed by R.A. Jones to measure irrational beliefs. Subjects indicate their level of agreement or disagreement with each of the 100 items on a 5-point scale. Had items indicate particular irruption beliefs and the other half its absence. Irrational Beliefs Inventory improves on the Irrational beliefs test and has 50 items and measures cognitions rather than negative affect. Has 5 point scale with 5 sub scales. Cognitive functional Analysis - What a person says to themselves plays a critical role in behavior. This analysis looks at the internal dialog of self appraisals and expectations. Concerned with the environmental factors. Negative self statements do far more harm than positive statements do good. Self-monitoring used to record frequency of behavior to raise awareness. Device hooked to jaw to minimize chews for weight loss. Psychophysiological assessment - attempt to quantify physiological responses. Measuring blood pressure, heart rate and GSR. Issues however include movement recorded as a physiological response that did not occur. Direct measurement is impossible. Age, gender, and ethnicity affect responses. Computers - 1. administer, score and interpret traditional test. 2. creat new tests and perhaps measure abilities traditional procedures cannot tap. Eliza was a computer program developed to emulate the behaviors of a psychotherapist to show human computer interaction. Computer adaptive testing - test that adapt and metamorphize according to responses. Estimations used to select the next item on the test. More precise and efficient. Takes less time. Hard to present long reading and not suitable for all skill sets. Can't go back and change answers is an issue.