Exam 2 Study Guide for Physiological Psychology | PSYC 314, Study notes of Psychology of Human Development

Download Exam 2 Study Guide for Physiological Psychology | PSYC 314 and more Study notes Psychology of Human Development in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 2 Review Guide Terms to Understand *Being able to understand these terms is important, but you also need to understand where they fit in the big picture of everything we’ve talked about. Use your notes and text to help you, but first try to do as much as you can by yourself! CH. 5: Object permanence- At about 9 months after birth, the prefrontal cortex is developed enough to achieve object permanence. This is the ability to recognize objects as still there even though you cannot see it. Proliferation- the product of new cells. Process of cells to differentiate or remain stem cells. Migration- When differentiated cells move toward their eventual destinations in the brain. Differentiation- When a neuron gradually begins forming the axon and dendrite that provide it’s distinctive shape. Myelination- A later and slower stage of neuronal development which is the process by which glia produce the insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission in many vertebrate axons. Synaptogensis- Final stage of the neuronal development where synapses form. This continues throughout life. Cholesterol- Apoptosis- When an axon doesn’t receive enough NGF the cell body dies and the neuron starts life with a “suicide program” where the neuron kills itself through apoptosis, a programmed mechanism of cell death. Nerve growth factor- When the neuron’s synapse forms with a muscle, the muscle releases a protein (NGF) which promotes the survival and growth of the axon. 3 ways nerve growth factor works- 1. “Miracle Grow” acts as a guide. 2. New experiences trigger the release of neurotrophins. 3. After brain damage, NGF helps cells repair itself. Weiss and Sperry’s experiments- Axons seek specific connections. Weiss: axons from normal leg branched to corresponding muscle of grafted leg (salamander). Sperry: Cut axons from optic nerve to vision area and then rotated eye out of newt, but axons returned to their original site. Chemical pathfinding- Axons follow chemical gradients like a chemical map. In newt, a chemical named TOP(dv) is concentrated more in the dorsal then ventrical retina, and more in the ventral than dorsal vision area. Neurotropins- A chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons. For example, nerve growth factor. 1 Exam 2 Review Guide Effects of drug use during pregnancy- Developing brain is more vulnerable to effects of malnutrition, toxic chemicals, and infections than older brains. Anathesia can kill neurons in infants. Children of diabetic mothers may have long term attention and memory problems. Fetal alcohol syndrome- A condition marked by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart deficits, and facial abnormalities caused when a mother drinks heavily during pregnancy. Effects of experience on development and brain structure- Professional musicians have enlarged area in temporal cortex of right hemisphere (auditory area). Extrnsive experience with stringed instruments enlarges and reorganizes area of post central gyrus devoted to left fingers. First axons find their targets by following chemicals. Then they strengthen and discard some connections in response to experience. Effects of physical activity on cognitive functions- Exercise releases neurotrophins which is good for your brain. Open head injury- Integrity of the skull has been breached. Skull crushed or penetrated, fractures to skull, bullets. Majority of fatalities. Closed head injury- A sharp blow to the head resulting from a fall, an automobile, or other accident, an assault, or other sudden trauma that does not actually puncture the brain. Ischemia (as pertains to OHI/CHI)- More common type of stroke which is the result of a blood clot or other obstruction in an artery. Edema- The accumulation of fluid, which increases pressure on the brain and increases the probability of additional strokes. Hemorrhage (as pertains to OHI-CHI)- Less common type of stroke which the result of a ruptured artery. Coup lesion- Site of impact as pertaining to closed head injury. Contrecoup lesion- Opposite point of the brain rebound in closed head injury. Post-traumatic amnesia- Loss of memory for events immediately after the injury. Caused by damage to parts of the brain that encode and store information. Concussion- Altercation in mental status induced by forces affecting the brain. Can have loss of consciousness, posttraumatic amnesia, or some other neurological disturbance. Post-concussive syndrome- Continuance of post-concussive symptoms after one year of injury. Second impact syndrome 2 Exam 2 Review Guide Horizontal cells- The rods and cones of the retina make synaptic contact with horizontal cells. Amacrine cells Young-Helmholtz / Trichromatic Theory- We perceive color through the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wavelengths. Opponent-process Theory- We perceive color in terms of paired opposites; red versus green, yellow versus blue, and white versus black. Retinex Theory- The cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area. Color constancy- The ability to recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting. Lateral inhibition- The reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons. Optic chiasm- The inside half of the axons of each eye cross over. Where the optic nerves from both eyes travel back into the brain and meet. Lateral geniculate nucleus- A nucleus of the thalamus specialized for visual perception. Superior colliculus- Some optic nerves split and end here. Parvocellular- Have smaller cell bodies and small receptive fields, are located mostly in or near the fovea. Magnocellular- Have larger cell bodies and receptive fields, are distributed fairly evenly throughout the retina. Koniocellular- Have small cell bodies, similar to the parvocellar neurons, but they occur throughout the retina instead of being clustered near the fovea. Primary visual cortex (area V1)- The area of the cortex responsible for the first stage of visual processing. Blindsight- An ability to respond in some ways to visual information that they report not seeing. Secondary visual cortex (area V2)- Process the information further and transmits it to additional areas. Ventral branch- To temporal cortex is sensitive to movement. Dorsal branch- To parietal cortex which integrates vision with action. Mixed parvo/Magnocellular path- To temporal cortex and is sensitive to brightness and color. 5 Exam 2 Review Guide Ventral stream- The “what” pathway. Specialized for identifying and recognizing objects. Dorsal stream- The “where” or “how” pathway. Helps the motor system find objects and determine how to move them, grasp them, and so forth. Visual field- The part of the world that you see (before you can identify the color). Receptive field- The part of the visual field that either excites it or inhibits it. Simple cells- Found exclusively in the primary visual cortex. The receptive field of a simple cell has fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones. Complex cells- Located in either area V1 or V2, have receptive fields that cannot be mapped into fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones. A complex cell responds to a pattern of light in a particular orientation anywhere within its large receptive field, regardless of the exact location of the stimulus. End-stopped or hypercomplex cells- Resemble complex cells with one additional feature. Has a strong inhibitory area at one end of its bar-shaped receptive field. Visual agnosia- An inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision. Prosopagnosia- An inability to recognize faces. Feature detectors- Neurons whose responses indicate the presence of a particular feature. Fusiform gyrus- Active in recognition of faces. Color vision deficiency – Inability to perceive color differences. Genetic, lock of some wavelengths cones. Inability to distinguish red from green is most common. Inability to perceive anything but shades of black and white is extremely rare. Area MT- Two temporal lobe areas that are consistently and strongly activated by any kind of visual motion. Area MST- Two temporal lobe areas that are consistently and strongly activated by any kind of visual motion. Infant vision- Infants two days old already prefer to look at faces, circles and stripes than patternless displays. Great difficulty is shifting visual attention up until about 6 months. Early development of vision- 6 Exam 2 Review Guide Retinal disparity- The discrepancy between what the left eye sees and what the right eye sees. Astigmatism- A blurring of vision for lines in one direction, caused by an asymmetric curvature of the eye. Strabismic amblyopia- A condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction. CH. 8: Smooth muscle- Controls the digestive system and other organs. Cardiac or heart muscle- The heart muscles which have properties intermediate between those of smooth and skeletal muscles. Skeletal or striated muscle- Controls movement of the body in relation to the environment. Neuromuscular junction- A synapse where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fiber. Myasthenia Gravis- an autoimmune disease. The immune system attacks the acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions. Fast twitch muscles / anaerobic- Produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly. Anaerobic uses reactions that do not require oxygen at the time. Slow twitch muscles / aerobic- Produce less vigorous contractions without fatiguing. Aerobic use air during their movements. Proprioceptor- A receptor that detects the position or movement of a part of the body. Muscle spindle- A receptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch. Golgi tendon organ- A type of proprioceptor that responds to increasing in muscle tension. Reflexes (i.e. rooting, grasp, babinski, etc.)- Consistent automatic responses to stimuli. Central pattern generators- Neural mechanisms in the spinal cord or elsewhere that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output. Motor program- A fixed sequence of movements. Primary motor cortex- The precentral gyrus of the frontal cortex, just anterior to the central sulcus. Premotor cortex- Is active during preparation for a movement and somewhat active during movement itself. 7