Exam 2 Study Guide | Principles of Biology | BIOL 1020, Study notes of Biology

Download Exam 2 Study Guide | Principles of Biology | BIOL 1020 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Biology 1020 EXAM TWO STUDY GUIDE Notes Chapters 8, 16, and 17 The test is worth 100 points; it will consist only of multiple-choice questions. It will be based on 50 questions worth 2 points each, but I’ll add in an extra question or so to build some bonus points into the test (for example, a 52-question test will allow you to earn 52x2 = 104 points, meaning up to 4 bonus points could be earned). As before, for all topics it will be very useful to know the meanings of the key terms associated with them (usually bold-faced in the lecture notes), and be able to apply those terms to understand a question and select an appropriate answer. Don’t get carried away with just memorizing definitions, however. As you should be able to tell from the online homework, much of this is based on applying your knowledge, not just memorizing a definition. Don't forget that your MasteringBiology assignment and the items in the Study Area are also excellent materials that you should use to prepare for this exam. The study guide below is not intended to be an absolutely complete guide to everything that will be on the exam – anything in the lecture notes or covered in class could be on the exam even if it is not specifically mentioned below. However, this study guide will essentially be my blueprint as I create your exam. Again, these question counts are estimates, but I’ll stick pretty close to them. Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism (13-19 questions total) Group 1: (6-9 questions) Energy, Thermodynamics, and Metabolism – know how thermodynamics governs chemical reactions; know the terms for chemical reactions and how they relate to each other (anabolism/catabolism; exergonic/endergonic, etc.); know about coupled reactions energy currency and energy transfer molecules – ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+, NADPH/NADP+ - know the role of ATP as energy currency in cells and how that works (coupled reaction, typically with phosphorylated intermediate(s)); know the general equations for reactions involving these compounds; know which are the energy storage forms (include FADH2/FAD here); for all but ATP/ADP, know which form is reduced and which is oxidized (include FADH2/FAD here) Group 2: (7-10 questions) Enzymes – know what a catalyst is (speeds up reaction by lowering activation energy – not consumed in the reaction); know how enzymes work in general; know terms (active site, enzyme-substrate complex, apoenzyme, coenzyme) know how to influence enzyme-catalyzed reaction rates what to add to speed up the rate when [substrate] > [enzyme] what to add to speed up the rate when [substrate] < [enzyme] allosteric activation/inhibition inhibition – irreversible/reversible(competitive/noncompetitive) Chapter 16: DNA (12-18 questions total) Group 1: (5-7 questions) Evidence that DNA is the genetic material – know why these Griffith pneumococcus and Hershey-Chase bacteriophage experiments provide evidence that DNA is genetic material Structure of DNA – know the roles of Franklin and Wilkins as well as Watson and Crick in determining the structure of DNA; know basepairing rules; terms; the double helix structure with antiparallel strands (know roles of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous bases in the structure) Group 2: (5-7 questions) DNA replication – know what the semiconservative model is and how the Meselson-Stahl experiment supports that model; know details of the replication machinery and process Group 3: (2-4 questions) DNA packaging – know about nucleosomes, histones, etc. and their roles in DNA packaging Chapter 17: Genes and How They Work (16-24 questions total) Group 1: (3-4 questions) What is a gene? – know about black urine disease, Beadle and Tatum’s work, and the “one gene, one enzyme” and “one gene, one polypeptide” ideas RNA (ribonucleic acid) – know the structural differences from DNA; the three main forms and their functions Know the central dogma of gene expression (DNARNAprotein) and related terms (transcription, translation) Group 2: (4-6 questions) Transcription: making RNA from a DNA template – know the terms and process (role of promoter, direction of strand synthesis, how synthesis is stopped, etc.) The genetic code – know how to read codons (like done in the recitation lab, and on the practice test); remember AUG is start (methionine); know importance of reading frame, stop codons; know how many codons there are (64) and how many amino acids (20) and stops (3) they code for, and why this leads to degeneracy or redundancy; know about the concept of “wobble” for tRNA-mRNA binding for part of the redundancy; terms for mRNA regions (coding, leader, etc.) Group 3: (4-6 questions) Translation: using information in mRNA to direct protein synthesis – know terms, how tRNAs are activated and used, process details of initiation, elongation (including translocation), and termination Group 4: (2-3 questions) Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in transcription and translation – know the processing done to eukaryotic mRNA (5’ cap, poly-A tail, intron removal by RNA splicing); know the meanings of terms such as intron, exon, and spliceosome Group 5: (3-5 questions) Modern definition of genes – know it (transcribed nucleotide sequence that yield an RNA or protein final product); know that mRNAs are not final products, so that there are not “genes for mRNAs” even though there are genes for tRNAs, etc. Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence – know the types of point mutations based on genetic results