Child Development and Adolescence: Terms and Definitions from Piaget to Identity Formation, Quizzes of Developmental Psychology

Download Child Development and Adolescence: Terms and Definitions from Piaget to Identity Formation and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Symbolic function substage DEFINITION 1 Creative and imaginative, egocentric - Inablility to distinguish someone elses opininon to be anything different than your own. TERM 2 Intuitive Thought Substage DEFINITION 2 Primitive Reasoning, Difficulty performing concrete actions (tall vs fat glass, water amts) Cant reason because no schema of reversibility or centration lack of other points of view. TERM 3 Vygotsky DEFINITION 3 Highlights the social contexts of learning. ZPD The ability to learn by doing with assistance, then on your own. TERM 4 Scaffolding DEFINITION 4 Helping less and less as a student does better. TERM 5 Myelination DEFINITION 5 Process by which the nerve cells are covered and isulated with a layer of fat cells, which increases the speed at which information travels through the nervous system. TERM 6 Corpus Callosum DEFINITION 6 Location where right and left hemispheres connect in the brain. Myelination occurs here. TERM 7 Prefrontal Cortex DEFINITION 7 Associated with planning, memory, attention executive functioning concentration on a single task. Maturation leads to: Regular sleep and emotional control. TERM 8 Limbic System DEFINITION 8 amygdala registers positive and negative emotions. Hippocampus Central processing for memory. Hypothalamus Responds to signals from former two definitions. Produces hormones. TERM 9 General Trends in Motor Skills DEFINITION 9 Girls are better than boys, increases collorationally to age. (better/older) TERM 10 Animism DEFINITION 10 the child's belief that things are alive or have human characteristics because they move or grow. TERM 21 Primary Sex Characteristics DEFINITION 21 Changes in the body structures that are directly involved in reproduction For girls, onset of menstruation For boys, increase in size of penis & testes and capacity to ejaculate Body Image - Physical changes have a huge impact on self-esteem, and body image, in particular: Boys who viewed themselves positively were more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior Girls who viewed themselves in a positive way were less likely to engage in risky sexual behavior TERM 22 Early vs. Late Maturation DEFINITION 22 EARLY Boys Positives - Popularity, higher self-esteem Negatives - Deviant, risk behaviors; more rigidity later Girls Positives - Popularity Negatives - Lower self-esteem, eating disorders, emotions, deviant behavior LATE Boys Positives - Higher levels of creativity, inventiveness Negatives - Low self-esteem, low social competence Girls Positives - Thinner build Negatives - Social withdrawal TERM 23 Risky Behavior - examples DEFINITION 23 Sexual Activity Violence/Bullying Drug & Alcohol Use Reckless Driving Delinquency/Criminal Acts TERM 24 Alcohol Use DEFINITION 24 Age of initiation :Boys, 11 years; Girls, 13 years Drinking on a regular basis, 15.9 years -May occur in isolation, however, may occur in combination with other risk behaviors - Associated with depression, anxiety, conduct disorders TERM 25 Sexual Experimentation DEFINITION 25 About of 9 12th graders report having sex By age 18, 65- 70% of teens report being sexually active Age of initiation of sexual intercourse Boys, 16.9 years; Girls, 17.4 years Prevalence of oral sex, male teens between 15 & 19 49% received oral sex; 39% had given oral sex TERM 26 Sexually Transmitted Diseases DEFINITION 26 Higher risk for getting STDs than older adults 1 in 4 sexually active teens contracts an STD every year TERM 27 Eating Disorder DEFINITION 27 - What is at the root of eating disorders? Individual factors Distorted body image Low-self esteem Depression Family factors Poor family functioning Sociocultural factors Media portrayal of women Pressure to be slim and trim Anorexia Self-starvation Under-eat and over-exercise Diagnosed when Refusal to maintain 85% of normal body weight Intense fear of weight gain Disturbed body perception and denial of problem Lack of menstruation in females Bulimia Overeats compulsively (binges) and purge TERM 28 Mood Disruptions DEFINITION 28 - Increases from preadolescence to adolescence -Display greater extremes in moods and frequent changes in emotions (using the beeper method) -Argued that these mood disruptions might be attributed to multiple transitions rather that pubertal changes alone -More likely among adolescents who are less popular, have poor school performance, or are experiencing family problems TERM 29 Parent-Child Conflict DEFINITION 29 Increase in levels of conflict from preadolescence to early adolescence Fight for independence and autonomy Often over seemingly mundane issues More likely if adolescent Has depressed mood Experiencing other problems Is early- maturing daughter TERM 30 Piagets Formal Operation Stage DEFINITION 30 The beginning of abstract reasoning in Adolesence TERM 31 Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning DEFINITION 31 Used started at the Formal Operation Stage, one creates a hypothesis and attempts to test the hypothesis for its validity. TERM 32 Adolescent Egocentrism DEFINITION 32 the heightened self-consciousness of adolescences. contains two key components: TERM 33 Imaginary Audience DEFINITION 33 Adolescents believe that people are overly sensitive to perceived weaknesses and faults of the adolescent. TERM 34 Personal Fable DEFINITION 34 New found "unique" characteristics of adolescence leads them to believe that they are not understandable, and can lead to feelings of invincibility, frustration and close mindedness. TERM 35 Identity vs. Identity Confusion DEFINITION 35 Erik Erikson 5th Stage of Psychosocial Development - Goal to achieve coherent identity & to avoid confusion