Biology Notes: DNA, RNA, Transcription, and Translation, Quizzes of Human Genetics

Download Biology Notes: DNA, RNA, Transcription, and Translation and more Quizzes Human Genetics in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Purines DEFINITION 1 Bases A and GLarger molecule TERM 2 Pyrimidines DEFINITION 2 C and T base pairsSmaller molecule TERM 3 Restriction Enzymes DEFINITION 3 A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites. some will make sticky ends TERM 4 Amplifying Gene (vivo) DEFINITION 4 Starts with Donor DNA and inserted into plasmidsvectors will carry gene and amplify itDonor DNA are cut up by restriction endonucleaseseach fragment is inserted into vector chrmosome called recombinant DNA, this results in a clone TERM 5 Amplifying Gene (Vitro) DEFINITION 5 Uses PCRspecific gene is isolated and amplified by DNA polymerase from heat tolerant bacteriafinds DNA region interest by complementary binding primersproduces large amount target DNA TERM 6 Sanger Sequencing DEFINITION 6 ddNTP blocks continued DNA synthesisneed 1 primerDenature two strands of PCR product/plasmidprimer to hybridize to exactly one location on the cloned segmentAdd cocktail of DNA polymerase normal dNTP and small amount of one of ddNTP TERM 7 Initiation of Replication DEFINITION 7 Ori-origin of replicationDNA Helicase opens DNA and creates replication bubble and replication fork TERM 8 DNA Pol I DEFINITION 8 5-3 primer removal and fills gaps TERM 9 RNA Polymerase (Primase) DEFINITION 9 Priming DNA synthesis TERM 10 DNA pol II DEFINITION 10 DNA repair TERM 21 Termination Eukaryotes (Transcription) DEFINITION 21 5' cap protects from degradation and required for translationpoly A tailsplicing (removal of introns and exons) TERM 22 Alternative Splicing DEFINITION 22 One geAlternative splicing is a regulated process during gene expression that results in a single gene coding for multiple proteins. TERM 23 Ribosome DEFINITION 23 The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the primary site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Has large and small subunitA site, P site, E site TERM 24 initiation Prokaryotes (translation) DEFINITION 24 Shine-Dalgarno sequenceinitiation codon aug, initiation factors on small subunit TERM 25 Initiation Eukaryotes (Translation) DEFINITION 25 5 cap, small subunit binds to 5 cap TERM 26 Elongation (Translation) DEFINITION 26 Protein factorsamino acid is added to growing chain, elongation factors TERM 27 Termination (Translation) DEFINITION 27 Release factor comes once stop codon appearspolypeptide leaves tRNA TERM 28 Source of mutations DEFINITION 28 errors during replicationnucleotide changes induced by endogenous factorsnucleotide changes induced by mutagenes TERM 29 methyl directed mismatch repair DEFINITION 29 DNA mismatch repair is a system for recognizing and repairing erroneous insertion, deletion and mis-incorporation of bases that can arise during DNA replication and recombination, as well as repairing some forms of DNA damage.recognized by DNA methylation TERM 30 Direct Reversal DEFINITION 30 DNA repairPhotodimer errorRecognized by base structure TERM 31 transition DEFINITION 31 mutation of replacement of a base by base of same categorya is replaced with GT replaced by c TERM 32 transversion DEFINITION 32 pyrimidine replaced with purinea replaced with c or tg replaced with c or t TERM 33 silent mutations DEFINITION 33 change one codon for an amino acid into another codon for the same amino acid TERM 34 missense mutations DEFINITION 34 codon for one amino acid is changed into codon for another amino acid TERM 35 nonsense mutation DEFINITION 35 codon for one amino acid is changed into codon for another amino acid