Exam 3- Ch. 9, 10, 11 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Exam 3- Ch. 9, 10, 11 | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Extinction in Classical Conditioning DEFINITION 1 reduction of a learned response that occurs because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Also, the procedure of repeatedly presenting a conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. TERM 2 Forgetting DEFINITION 2 a reduction of a learned response that occurs because of the passage of time, not because of particular experiences TERM 3 Behavioral Momentum DEFINITION 3 the susceptibility of responding to disruption by manipulations such as pre-session feeding, delivery of free food, or a change in the schedule of reinforcement. TERM 4 Continuous Reinforcement DEFINITION 4 a schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of the instrumental response produces the reinforcer. TERM 5 Discrimination Hypothesis DEFINITION 5 an explanation of the partial reinforcement extinction effect, according to which extinction is slower after partial reinforcement than continuous reinforcement because the onset of extinction is more difficult to detect following partial reinforcement. TERM 6 Extinction in Instrumental Conditioning DEFINITION 6 reduction of the instrumental response that occurs because the response is no longer followed by the reinforcer. Also, the procedure of no longer reinforcing the instrumental response. TERM 7 Frustration DEFINITION 7 an aversive emotional reaction that results from the unexpected absence of the reinforcement TERM 8 Frustration Theory DEFINITION 8 a theory of the partial reinforcement extinction effect, according to which extinction is retarded after partial reinforcement because the instrumental response becomes conditioned to the anticipation of frustrative nonreward. TERM 9 Intermittent Reinforcement or Partial Reinforcement DEFINITION 9 A schedule of reinforcement in which only some of the occurrences of the instrumental response are reinforced. THe instrumental response is reinforced occasionally, or intermittently. TERM 10 Magnitude Reinforcement Extinction Effect DEFINITION 10 less persistence of instrumental behavior in extinction following training with a large reinforcer than following training with a small or moderate reinforcer. TERM 21 Discriminative Punishment DEFINITION 21 a procedure in which responding is punished in the presence of a particular stimulus and not punished in the absence of that stimulus TERM 22 Escape Trial DEFINITION 22 a type of trial during avoidance training in which the required avoidance response is not made and the aversive unconditioned stimulus is presented. Performance of the instrumental response during the aversive stimulus results in termination of the aversive stimulus. THus, the organism is able to escape from the aversive stimulus. TERM 23 Flooding DEFINITION 23 a procedure for extinguishing avoidance behavior in which the conditioned stimulus is presented while the participant is prevented from making the avoidance response. TERM 24 Nondiscriminated Avoidance DEFINITION 24 an avoidance conditioning procedure in which occurrences of the aversive stimulus are not signaled by an external stimulus. In the absence of the avoidance behavior, the aversive stimulus is presented periodically, as set by the S-S interval. Each occurrence of the avoidance response prevents delivery of aversive stimulation for a fixed period (the R-S Interval) TERM 25 Overcorrection DEFINITION 25 a procedure for discouraging behavior in which the participant is required not only to correct or rectify a mistake but to go beyond that by, for example, extensively practicing the correct response alternative. TERM 26 Predatory Imminence DEFINITION 26 the perceived likelihood of being attacked by a predator. Different species-typical defense responses are assumed to be performed in the face of different degress of predatory imminence. TERM 27 Punishment DEFINITION 27 an instrumental conditioning procedure in which there is a positive contingency between the instrumental response and an aversive stimulus. If the participant performs the instrumental response, it receives the aversive stimulus; if the participant does not perform the instrumental response, it does not receive the aversive stimulus. TERM 28 R-S Interval DEFINITION 28 the interval between the occurrence of an avoidance response and the next scheduled presentation of the aversive stimulus in a nondiscriminated avoidance procedure. TERM 29 Safety Signal DEFINITION 29 a stimulus that signals the absence of an aversive event TERM 30 Shock-Frequency Reduction DEFINITION 30 a hypothesis according to which reduction in the frequency of shock serves to reinforce avoidance behavior. TERM 31 Shuttle Avoidance DEFINITION 31 a type of avoidance conditioning procedure in which the required instrumental response consists in going back and forth (shuttling) between two sides of an experimental apparatus. TERM 32 Species-Specific Defense Reactions (SSDR's) DEFINITION 32 Species-typical responses that animals perform in an aversive situation. The responses may involve freezing, fleeing, or fighting. TERM 33 S-S Interval DEFINITION 33 the interval between the successive presentations of the aversive stimulus in a nondisriminated avoidance procedure when the avoidance response is not performed. TERM 34 Time Out DEFINITION 34 a period during which the opportunity to obtain reinforcement is removed. This may involve removal of the participant from the situation where reinforcers may be obtained. TERM 35 Two-Process Theory of Avoidance DEFINITION 35 a theory originally developed to explain discriminated avoidance learning that presumes the operation of two mechanisms: 1. classical conditioning of fear to the warning signal, and 2. instrumental reinforcement of the avoidance response through termination of the warning signal and consequent fear reduction TERM 46 Proactive Interference DEFINITION 46 disruption of memory caused by exposure to stimuli before the event to be remembered. TERM 47 Procedural Memory DEFINITION 47 memory that mediates the learning of behavioral and cognitive skills that are performed automatically, without conscious control, often reflecting knowledge about invariant relationships in the environment, such as CS-US contiguity (classical conditioning) or response-reinforcer contiguity (instrumental conditioning) TERM 48 Prospective Memory DEFINITION 48 memory for an expected future event or response TERM 49 Reference Memory DEFINITION 49 long-term retention of background information necessary for successful use of incoming and recently acquired information. TERM 50 Rehearsal DEFINITION 50 a theoretical process whereby information is maintained in an active state, available to influence behavior and/or the processing of other information TERM 51 Retrieval DEFINITION 51 the recovery of information from a memory store. TERM 52 Retrieval Cues DEFINITION 52 a stimulus related to an experience that facilitates the recall of other information related to that experience. TERM 53 Retrieval Failure DEFINITION 53 a deficit in recovering information from a memory store TERM 54 Retroactive Interference DEFINITION 54 disruption of memory caused by exposure to stimuli following the event to be remembered. TERM 55 Retrograde Amnesia DEFINITION 55 a gradient of memory loss going back in time from the occurrence of a major injury or physiological disturbance. Amnesia is greatest for events that took place closest to the time of injury. TERM 56 Retrospective Memory DEFINITION 56 memory for a previously experienced event. TERM 57 Simultaneous Matching to Sample DEFINITION 57 a procedure in which participants are reinforced for responding to a test stimulus that is the same as a sample stimulus. The sample and the test stimuli are presented at the same time. TERM 58 Stimulus Coding DEFINITION 58 how a stimulus is represented in memory TERM 59 Trace Decay Hypothesis DEFINITION 59 the theoretical idea that exposure to a stimulus produces changes in the nervous system that gradually and automatically decrease after the stimulus has been terminated. TERM 60 Trials- Unique Procedure DEFINITION 60 a matching-to-sample procedure in which different sample and comparison stimuli are used on each trial TERM 71 Baddeley's Model DEFINITION 71 Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer TERM 72 Central Executive DEFINITION 72 decides what info moves (and when) between storage systems and whether it stays or goes when new info comes in. TERM 73 Phonological Loop DEFINITION 73 verbal working memory, 2 components: articulatory rehearsal & phonological store TERM 74 Articulatory Rehearsal DEFINITION 74 mind's voice TERM 75 Phonological Store DEFINITION 75 mind's ear TERM 76 Visuospatial Sketchpad DEFINITION 76 mental images in woking memory TERM 77 Episodic Buffer DEFINITION 77 limited capacity storage controlled by central executive TERM 78 Memory Maintenance DEFINITION 78 active processing is needed to to refresh info and prevent decay TERM 79 Declerative (Explicit) Memory DEFINITION 79 facts and events TERM 80 Nondeclerative (Implicit) Memory DEFINITION 80 procedural skills and habits TERM 81 Consolidation DEFINITION 81 memories become independent of original storage (medial temporal lobe)