Biology Notes: Transcription, Translation, and DNA Replication, Quizzes of Cell Biology

Download Biology Notes: Transcription, Translation, and DNA Replication and more Quizzes Cell Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Template DEFINITION 1 DNA strand that is being transcribed TERM 2 Transcript DEFINITION 2 Identical to the non-template strand, but with U instead of T The translation start site (AUG) is 16 nucleotides downstream from the 5' end of the transcript TERM 3 Nascent RNA means DEFINITION 3 Newly synthesized RNA TERM 4 Deficiency of Dystrophin leads to DEFINITION 4 Muscular Dystrophy TERM 5 m7Gppp protects DEFINITION 5 mRNA from enzymatic degradation TERM 6 Fibronectin DEFINITION 6 Extracellular matrix protein TERM 7 Methionine and Tryptophan are encoded by DEFINITION 7 A single codon TERM 8 Leucine, Serine, and Arginine are encoded by DEFINITION 8 6 specific codons TERM 9 Inosine DEFINITION 9 A de-aminated version of adenine that attaches to tRNA in wobble position (adenine almost never occurs in nature) Containing tRNAs are frequently employed for translation of different codons for the same amino acid Inosine can bind to C, A, and U TERM 10 Ribosomes DEFINITION 10 If the machinery required for protein synthesis were free to float about in solution, the likelihood that they would interact and assemble would be extremely low Protein synthesis rate would be too low to sustain life as we know it Binding to ribosomes greatly increases the efficiency of this process TERM 21 eIF4G Is Associated With DEFINITION 21 eIF4E, which binds 5' cap of mRNA TERM 22 Through the Interactions of PABP1, eIF4G, and eIF4E The DEFINITION 22 2 ends of the mRNA can be "bridged" together due to the interactions of these proteins, forming a circular mRNA TERM 23 PABP1 Interacts with eIF4G for DEFINITION 23 Efficient use of ribosomes TERM 24 DNA Replication DEFINITION 24 The precise copying of DNA sequences in preparation for cell division Using the existing (parental) strands as templates in the formation of new (daughter) strands that are complementary to the parental strands TERM 25 Complications In Replication is Due to 2 Key Factors: DEFINITION 25 2 parental strands in DNA duplex are anti-parallel DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction TERM 26 Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) DEFINITION 26 Homotrimeric complex with a hole through which the daughter duplex passes Forms a clamp around the new helix preventing the PCNA-RFc-Pol delta from dissociating from the template TERM 27 Replication Protein A (RPA) DEFINITION 27 Is dislodged by Pol alpha and delta as replication proceeds Keeps the ssDNA template extended with bases exposed To ensure rapid reaction TERM 28 DNA Polymerase Alpha DEFINITION 28 Extends the RNA primer TERM 29 DNA Polymerase Delta DEFINITION 29 Is the main polymerase that proofreads TERM 30 Ribonuclease H and FEN1 DEFINITION 30 Remove the RNA primers form the Okazaki fragments TERM 31 EcoR1 (Restriction Enzyme) DEFINITION 31 Cuts viral DNA. Ends are now easily recognized Replication bubble grows larger over time as replication forks move in opposite directions Center of bubble is a constant distance from each end of the cut DNA strand TERM 32 DNA Can Be Damaged By: DEFINITION 32 Spontaneous cleavage of chemical bonds UV and ionizing radiation Reaction with toxic by-products of normal cellular metabolism 10,000 to 1,000,000 DNA damage events per day TERM 33 Mutations DEFINITION 33 Can occur when DNA polymerase inserts the wrong nucleotide as it reads a damaged template, or as copying errors during replication of an undamaged template TERM 34 DNA Proofreading DEFINITION 34 Depends on 3' to 5' exonuclease activity When an incorrect base is introduced, base pairing does not occur, polymerase pauses, then transfers the 3' end of the growing strand to its exonuclease site, where the incorrect base is removed Then the 3' end is transferred back to the polymerase site where replication continues TERM 35 Point Mutations DEFINITION 35 Spontaneous mutation involving a change in a single base pair in the DNA sequence