Chemistry Terminology and Concepts, Quizzes of Chemistry

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TERM 1 Chemistry DEFINITION 1 science that describes matter's properties, composition, and/or structure TERM 2 Extensive Properties DEFINITION 2 properties dependent on quantity TERM 3 Scientific (natural) Laws DEFINITION 3 laws derived from nature ex. logic TERM 4 Molecular Geometry DEFINITION 4 shape of a molecule that determines its function; molecule's arrangement around a central atom TERM 5 Accuracy DEFINITION 5 how close measured values and exact values are TERM 6 Precision DEFINITION 6 how closely related measurements are TERM 7 Stoichiometry DEFINITION 7 quantitative relationship between masses, number of moles, and number of particles in a balanced equation TERM 8 Ionic Compound DEFINITION 8 compound of cations and anions with no net electrical charge TERM 9 Covalent Compound DEFINITION 9 shared electrons TERM 10 Organic Compound DEFINITION 10 a compound of molecules primarily hydrogen and carbon TERM 21 Electronegativity DEFINITION 21 how much an ion attracts itself to another atom TERM 22 Aufbau Principle DEFINITION 22 electrons are added to the lowest orbitals available TERM 23 Hund's Rule DEFINITION 23 each orbital will be filled singly with parallel spin before pairing TERM 24 Pauli Exclusion Principle DEFINITION 24 paired electrons will have opposite spins TERM 25 Ionization Energy DEFINITION 25 amount of energy needed to remove the most loosely charged atom TERM 26 VESPR DEFINITION 26 lp/lp > lp/bp > bp/bp TERM 27 Isomer DEFINITION 27 identical composition of compounds with differing structures TERM 28 Structural Isomer DEFINITION 28 "constitutional"; same empirical formula with different atom connections; a bond must be broken and remade TERM 29 Conformational Isomer DEFINITION 29 rotation around a SINGLE bond TERM 30 Stereoisomer DEFINITION 30 same atom-to-atom connections with different arrangements in space TERM 31 Racemic Mixture DEFINITION 31 equal enantiomer concentration in a mixture TERM 32 Enantiomers DEFINITION 32 pairs of chiral molecules TERM 33 Geometric Isomer DEFINITION 33 cis-trans bonds on either side of a double bond in a compound TERM 34 Positional Isomer DEFINITION 34 differing positions of a functional group on a chain TERM 35 Chiral Molecules DEFINITION 35 one carbon attached to 4 different things TERM 46 Titration DEFINITION 46 measured volume of a solution with a known concentration is added to a measured colume of unknown concentration to determine the unknown concentration TERM 47 Titrant DEFINITION 47 solution with known concentration TERM 48 Primary Standard DEFINITION 48 non-hygroscopic, high mass, inexpensive; compound with known concentration TERM 49 Endpoint DEFINITION 49 when a color change is observed in an experiment, the titration is close to equivalence point TERM 50 Equivalence Point DEFINITION 50 point where exactly enough reactant has been added for the reaction to go to completion TERM 51 pH DEFINITION 51 concentration of H+ atoms; measures acids and bases TERM 52 Oxidation Numbers DEFINITION 52 charge of an atom in a compound TERM 53 Hydrocarbons DEFINITION 53 simplest organic molecules composed of only H and C TERM 54 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons DEFINITION 54 alkanes TERM 55 Saturated Hydrocarbons DEFINITION 55 alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics TERM 56 Alkanes DEFINITION 56 single bond between carbons TERM 57 Alkenes DEFINITION 57 double bond between at least two carbons TERM 58 Alkynes DEFINITION 58 triple bond between at least two of the carbons TERM 59 Aromatics DEFINITION 59 carbon rings with alternating single and double bonds ex. benzene TERM 60 Alkyls DEFINITION 60 hydrocarbon side chain; R TERM 71 Organic Halides DEFINITION 71 a halogen replaces a hydrogen in a hydrocarbon TERM 72 Amines DEFINITION 72 derivatives of ammonia where one or more H is replaced by hydrocarbons or another organic compound TERM 73 Amides DEFINITION 73 carboxylic acid derivative where the OH group is replaced by a N which has two R groups attached to it TERM 74 Resonance DEFINITION 74 a compound may have multiple stable states TERM 75 Arrhenius Acids DEFINITION 75 H+ donors TERM 76 Arrhenius Bases DEFINITION 76 OH- donors TERM 77 Bronsted/Lowry Acids DEFINITION 77 H+ donors TERM 78 Bronsted/Lowry Bases DEFINITION 78 H+ acceptors TERM 79 Lewis Acids DEFINITION 79 electron pair acceptors TERM 80 Lewis Bases DEFINITION 80 electron pair donors TERM 81 Electrolytes DEFINITION 81 a compound that forms ions when it dissolves TERM 82 Non-electrolytes DEFINITION 82 a compound that dissolves but does not form ions TERM 83 Sugars DEFINITION 83 carbohydrates Cx(H2O)y TERM 84 Polymers DEFINITION 84 giant molecules made up of monomers TERM 85 Solvent DEFINITION 85 liquid in a solution that solvent is dissolved in TERM 96 Redox Reactions DEFINITION 96 exchange of electrons TERM 97 Addition Polymerization DEFINITION 97 components of species AB are added to a polymer TERM 98 Condensation Polymerization DEFINITION 98 water is removed TERM 99 Ligand DEFINITION 99 Lewis base that coordinates to the central atom in a coordination sphere TERM 100 Donor Atom DEFINITION 100 atom in a ligand that donates a lone pair of electrons and forms a coordinate covalent bond TERM 101 Unidentate DEFINITION 101 ligand that only bond through one atom TERM 102 Polydentate DEFINITION 102 ligand that can bond through multiple atoms TERM 103 Chelate DEFINITION 103 complexes that have a metal atom or ion and polydentate ligands TERM 104 Coordination Number DEFINITION 104 number of donor atoms that can be determined by counting the number of coordinate covalent bonds TERM 105 Coordination Sphere DEFINITION 105 metal atoms with ligands TERM 106 Fats DEFINITION 106 long hydrocarbon chains with carboxylic acids on the end TERM 107 Solution DEFINITION 107 solvent mixed with a solute TERM 108 Solute DEFINITION 108 substance dissolved in a solvent to form a solution TERM 109 Molarity DEFINITION 109 number of moles per one L of solution TERM 110 ppb DEFINITION 110 parts per billion