Hormone-like Molecules and Their Role in Various Physiological Responses: An Overview, Quizzes of Chemistry

Download Hormone-like Molecules and Their Role in Various Physiological Responses: An Overview and more Quizzes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Eicosanoids DEFINITION 1 C20 skeleton***b.Hormone-like molecules associated with several and varied physiological responses.*****Prostaglandins- widely distributed in mammalian tissue TERM 2 Effects of Prostaglandins DEFINITION 2 Inflammatory response- protective response of pain and fever.***Involved in sleep/ wakefulness***Reproductive system (smooth muscle) stimulate uterine contractions ***G.I. system-(protection)- inhibit the secretion of acid and increase secretion of mucus**blood pressure regulation****Respiratory system- broncho dilators TERM 3 Aspirin blocks_____ DEFINITION 3 Blocks formation of certain prostaglands from Arachidonic acid. As a result it inhibits inflammatory response => relieves pain, blood thinner, and reduces fever.*****Thrombaxane is blocked by asprin TERM 4 Waxes are made of DEFINITION 4 esters of fatty acids and fatty alcohols (long chain of alcohol) TERM 5 What are found in brain and nerve tissues? DEFINITION 5 Sphingolipids TERM 6 What are Glycosphinolipids and where are they found? DEFINITION 6 Contain a sugar unit bonded by a Glycosidic bond to OH of Sphingolipid.*********Found in nerve and muscles TERM 7 What are gylcosphinolipids in membranes called? DEFINITION 7 Cerebosides TERM 8 What are Cerebosides important for? DEFINITION 8 i.Important for cellular recognition and tissue immunity (cell surface) TERM 9 Gangliosides are what, found where, and act as what? DEFINITION 9 Found in membranes of neurons *****Act as receptor sites for hormones, drugs, viruses TERM 10 Lecithins are what group of molecule and do what DEFINITION 10 Phosphoglyceride******naturally occuring emulsifiers (allows oil and water to mix) TERM 21 Steriods are important for DEFINITION 21 reproduction, adrenal corticosteroids, and cholesterol TERM 22 what is an example of a adrenal corticosteroid and what does it do DEFINITION 22 cortisone*****anti-inflammatory/carbohydrate metabolism TERM 23 where are the 7 places cholesterol is found in the body DEFINITION 23 cell membranes, myelin, nerve tissue, liver (synthesized), bile salts, skin (cannot make vitamin D without it), adrenal glands (synthesis of hormones) TERM 24 what are Lipoproteins DEFINITION 24 form spherical particles with other protein and phospholipids that surround non-polar things (cholesterol ..) thus can transport things through the blood. TERM 25 what are Chylomicrons DEFINITION 25 mucosal cells of small intestine TERM 26 VLDL, LDL, HDL, total DEFINITION 26 VLDL- very low density lipoprotein****LDL- low density lipoprotein => cholesterol to tissue (in)*********HDL- high density lipoproteins => these remove cholesterol from tissues (out) liver*****LDL< 130 mg/dL HDL>40 mg/dL Total< 200 mg/dL TERM 27 what are the functions of amino acids/proteins (8) DEFINITION 27 structural support, movement, transport, storage, hormones, enzymes, immune system, food source TERM 28 how many different amino acids? DEFINITION 28 20 TERM 29 Vitamin C DEFINITION 29 i.Found in high quanities in citrus fruitt ******Requires for enzyme to form hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine*********Scurvy- teeth fall out **H2O soluble TERM 30 Thiame DEFINITION 30 a.H20 soluble ****Deficiency: Beriberi- fatigue, poor appetite, weight loss, nerve damage, heart failure *****B1 + ATP (precursor) Thiamine phosphate (TTP) (coenzyme)***H2O soluble TERM 31 Riboflavin DEFINITION 31 a.Deficiency: dermatitis, dry skin, tongue inflammation, **H2O soluble********B2 precursor for FAD and FMN (coenzymes) TERM 32 Niacin DEFINITION 32 a.Deficiency: pellagra- dermatitis, muscle fatigue, poor appetite, diarrhea, mouth sores, menthl disorders****B3 is precursor for NAD+ and NADP +**H2O soluble TERM 33 4.Pantothenic acid DEFINITION 33 a.Precursor to Co enzyme A (carries carbons into citric acid cycle)***Deficiency: fatigue, retarted growth, muscle cramps, anemia**H2O soluble TERM 34 5.Pyridoxide DEFINITION 34 a.Precursor for PLP***.Deficiency: dermatitis, fatigue, retarted growth, anemia**H2O soluble TERM 35 6.Cobalamin DEFINITION 35 a.Not found in plants***Deficiency: pernicious anemia (malformed red blood cells), nerve damage, mental disorders**H2O soluble TERM 46 a.Plasma membrane DEFINITION 46 - separates cell contents from environment and acts as a communication. TERM 47 b.Cytoplasm DEFINITION 47 cellular contents TERM 48 c.Cytosol DEFINITION 48 fluid part of cytoplasm**Often contains coenzymes for cell reactions TERM 49 d.Endoplasmic reticulum DEFINITION 49 i. rough = Processes protiens and synthesizes phospholipidsii.Smooth= Synthesizes fats/steroids TERM 50 e.Golgi complex DEFINITION 50 modifies and secretes proteins, synthesizes glycoproteins and cell membrane TERM 51 f.Lysosomes DEFINITION 51 hydrolytic enzymes that recycle old cell structures TERM 52 g.Mitochondria DEFINITION 52 energy factories --> where ATP resides TERM 53 Mitchondria has ___ (4 things) DEFINITION 53 1.outer membrane, **inner membrane = (folded over to give surface area. Folds are called cristae),***intermediate space between membranes, ****matrix fluids surrounded by the inner membrane.= Enzymes in this catalyze oxidation of amino acids, fats, carbs --> produce CO2 and energy (opposite of photosynthesis) TERM 54 h.Nucleus DEFINITION 54 genetic information TERM 55 i.Ribosomes DEFINITION 55 site of protein synthesis TERM 56 What fuels body processes DEFINITION 56 Energy from ATP hydrolysis fuels body processes TERM 57 Transferring of _______ is the process of metabolism DEFINITION 57 Transferring of energy of phosphate groups is the process of metabolism TERM 58 e.Glucose DEFINITION 58 Pi is transferred from ATP to OH of glucose. (Energy is required however energy is produced from it => coupled reaction TERM 59 f.Coenzymes DEFINITION 59 1.Oxidation- loss of H and electron or an increase of O.****CH3CH3 [O) --> CH3CH2OH [O) --> CH3CHO( -H2 + 2e- )*****2. Reduction*****Enzyme + substrate [O]-->substrate (-H2/2e-) + enzyme (+H2/2e-) TERM 60 what re the 2 coenzymes which facilitate oxidation of a substrate? DEFINITION 60 FAD and NAD+ TERM 71 tertiary structure DEFINITION 71 i. Tertiary structures involve interactions of side chains of amino acids resides (Twists, loops, and bends in chain).*** 5 rxns occur is side chains. TERM 72 5 side chain types DEFINITION 72 hydrophobic, hydrophillic, salt bridge, h-bonding, disulfide bridge TERM 73 myoglobin shape? DEFINITION 73 globular shape TERM 74 alpha- keratin shape? DEFINITION 74 fibrous shape (hair skin and nails in humans) TERM 75 beta-keratin shape? DEFINITION 75 beta pleated shape (featrhers, scales) TERM 76 Quaternary structure DEFINITION 76 two or more polypeptides subunits associate to form a biologically active protein. TERM 77 example of quaternary structure DEFINITION 77 Hemoglobin consists of 4 polypeptides associated together each bound to a heme molecule ( an iron containing molecule which binds O2) transports 4 O2 molecules to cells TERM 78 Denaturation DEFINITION 78 disruption of a secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure of proteins (not primary because thats what you do in digestion). Often distinguished by precipitation or coagulation. Often break hydrogen bonding and salt bridges TERM 79 3 ways proteins can be denatured? DEFINITION 79 1. Physically- through agitation= Ex. beating egg whites, whip cream 2. Thermally- heat and cold= Heating a protein will break the hydrogen bonding, & Sterilization you denature 3. Chemically-= acids and bases , &Organic compounds- alcohols & Heavy metals ions TERM 80 Conjugated proteins & example DEFINITION 80 ii. Conjugated proteins- proteins which require a prosthetic group for activity** 1. Ex. Hemoglobin the heme molecule is the prosthetic group TERM 81 enzyme DEFINITION 81 biological catalyst TERM 82 enzyme activity DEFINITION 82 how fast enzymes catalyzes rxn TERM 83 3 things that effect enzyme activity DEFINITION 83 temperature, pH, substrate/enzxyme activity TERM 84 f. Inhibition inhibitors DEFINITION 84 chemical compounds which cause enzymes to lose activity TERM 85 types of inhibitiors DEFINITION 85 reversible, irreversable