Genetic Engineering & Genetically Modified Organisms: Definitions & Applications, Quizzes of Entomology

Download Genetic Engineering & Genetically Modified Organisms: Definitions & Applications and more Quizzes Entomology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Genetic Engineering DEFINITION 1 The production of genes that are collected, forced to grow, or have been created to perform function.Process:-obtain DNA- Insert DNA into Vector-Transform a host organism with the vector TERM 2 DNA DEFINITION 2 Ability to "regenerate" itself; makes "copies" of itselfDouble stranded molecule/ TwistedLadderComposed of four kinds of repeating Units TERM 3 Function of DNA? DEFINITION 3 "Blueprint of Life"GenesCodes for all protiens-Structural- Metabolic-Hormonal TERM 4 Advantages of Using Bt DEFINITION 4 Specificity to certain insect groupsNon-toxic to fish, birds, mammalsQuick breakdownSome labeled for organic TERM 5 Limitations of using Bt DEFINITION 5 stomach poisoncoverage and timing are criticalquick breakdown in sunlighthigh cost agriculture TERM 6 How do you modify the genes of an organism? DEFINITION 6 Selective breadingInserting new genes-DNA *From other organism *Synthetic-Use molecular tools *Enzymes (proteins) *Bacteria - a means of amplifying the DNA TERM 7 Purpose of Cloning a Gene DEFINITION 7 Purpose *Isolate a specific gene and make multiple copies to -Study it -Express it -Move it to another organism TERM 8 Process of Cloning a Gene DEFINITION 8 Process-Obtain DNA *Genomic *cDNA-Insert DNA into a vector-Transform a host organism with the vector *Most genes cloned in bacteria first (E. coli) TERM 9 Vectors DEFINITION 9 A vehicle for carrying DNA to multiply it or deliver it to an organismMany types-Plasmids-Viruses - phage or other virus- Cosmids-Artificial chromosomesUsed to express genes-Make proteins TERM 10 Molecular Biology DEFINITION 10 "Workhorse" TERM 21 Dairy Products DEFINITION 21 Americans consume 180 billion lbs dairy666 lbs per person40% of dietGenertically engineered bovine growth hormone (rBGH) TERM 22 Benefits of GMOs DEFINITION 22 Disease, Insect, Herbicide ResistantLess FertilizersIncreased YieldFaster GrowthCold Tollerant - Expand natural rangeDrought Resistant - golf courses in SW -Reduce water consumptionInscreased Nutritional Value -Example - "Golden Rice" - Bananas and Corn (Medicines,Antibiotics, Vitamins) TERM 23 Problems GMO crops DEFINITION 23 Non Target InsectsResistance Develops TERM 24 GMO Crops DEFINITION 24 Concern for "Genetic Contamination"-Cross Pollination- Mistakes in transport and delivery TERM 25 Problems with GMO's DEFINITION 25 Unknown Ecological EffectsHarmful Toxins possible from MutationsNew AllergensPrecautionary Principle TERM 26 Lipidoptera "butterflies, skippers, and moths" DEFINITION 26 4 membranous wingsWings covered with scalesAntennae filiform, feathery or clubbedAll larvae have chewing mouth parts, but only adults in the primitive family Micropterygidae have chewing mouth partsAdults feed primarily on nectar, few suck bloodMost larvae are herbivores, few are predatorsMost larvae spin silkMany are crop pests TERM 27 Very diverse life histories - Most are phytophagous DEFINITION 27 Leaf feeders: gypsy moth, budworms, tent caterpillars, etc. Leaf rollers: several fruit pests Leaf miners: gracillariids and others Fruit borers: codling moth, oriental fruit moth Stem and root borers: cossids, sesiids, pyralids, hepialids Crop feeders: many pyralids - like European corn borer and noctuids - Helicoverpa zea, the co/on bollworm= corn earworm=tomato fruitwormStored products: pyralids, gelechiids Skins, hides, wool feathers: Gneids, pyralids TERM 28 How to separate butterflies and moths DEFINITION 28 Butterflies-Day fliers-Knobbed antennae-Relatively naked bodyRelatively thin bodyLarge wing to body ratioWings held above body at restMoths-most are night fliersfilamentous or plumoseRelatively furry bodyRelatively fat bodySmaller wing to body ratioWings usually folded roof-like over body TERM 29 How to sex Lepidoptera DEFINITION 29 Males-Usually smaller-Abdomen slimmer-Antennae "bushier"- Abdomen with claspers-Male may have differnt coloration than female-Males always wingedFemales-Usually larger- Abdomen fatter (eggs)-Antennae more slender-Female may have different coloration than male-Females may be wingless TERM 30 The 5 largest families DEFINITION 30 (Noctuidae, Pyralidae, Geometridae, Tortricidae, Gelechiidae)---all mothsThe largest butterfly family is the Lycaenidae TERM 31 Hearing in moths DEFINITION 31 Many moths have tympana (auditory organs) that are believed to primarily function in the detection of high- frequency echo-locating sounds of bats TERM 32 Head and mouthparts DEFINITION 32 Labial palps often enlarged and produced forwards, on some "micros" curving upwards and backwards over headMaxillae = coiled proboscisOcelli often present, usually located near or touching upper edge of compound eye TERM 33 Phasmatodea DEFINITION 33 Walking Sticks TERM 34 Lepidoptera DEFINITION 34 butterflies, moths TERM 35 Hymenoptera DEFINITION 35 Bees, ants, wasps TERM 46 Sex determination in honey bees is referred to as A) Parthenogenesis B) Haplodiploidy C) Polyembryony D) Gregarious DEFINITION 46 B) Haplodiploidy TERM 47 There is a close correlation between ___________________ concentration and temperature of the atmosphere. A) Oxygen B) Ozone C) Carbon dioxide D) Carbon monoxide DEFINITION 47 C) Carbon dioxide TERM 48 The production of genes that are collected, forced to grow, or that have been created to perform a specific function is the definition of A) Selective breeding B) Genetic engineering C) DNA D) Cloning DEFINITION 48 B) Genetic engineering TERM 49 What layer of the atmosphere contains ozone and absorbs ultraviolet radiation? A) Troposphere B) Stratosphere C) Mesosphere D DEFINITION 49 B) Stratosphere TERM 50 . Which of these substances is completely non-toxic? A) Water B) Coca-Cola C) Oxygen D) None of the above DEFINITION 50 D) None of the above TERM 51 Which of the following is NOT a benefit of GMOs? A) Need less fertilizers B) Faster growth C) Decreased yield D) Cold tolerant DEFINITION 51 C) Decreased yield TERM 52 Where were Rocky Mountain Locusts a plague and how did they have a negative effect? A) Africa, caused disease B) America, caused crop losses C) America, caused disease D) Africa, caused crop losses DEFINITION 52 B) America, caused crop losses TERM 53 The method for bed bug sexual reproduction is termed A) Traumatic insemination B) Parthenogenesis C) Embryogenesis D) Traumatic sterilization DEFINITION 53 A) Traumatic insemination TERM 54 Random changes in the structure or number of DNA molecules in a cell that are the source of new genetic material in a given species are called A) Evolution B) Adaptations C) Mutations D) Biodiversity DEFINITION 54 C) Mutations TERM 55 Which of the following are reasons to engineer plants? A) Simplifies management (insect control) B) Can control insects where sprays can t reach C) Less coverage D) a and b DEFINITION 55 Correct Answer(s): DD) a and bA) Simplifies management (insect control)B) Can control insects where sprays can t reach TERM 56 ________________is a benefit of using GMOs. A) Decreased growth B) Increased nutritional value C) Decreased yield D) Increased fertilizer DEFINITION 56 Correct Answer(s): BB) Increased nutritional value TERM 57 The method for bed bug sexual reproduction is termed A) Traumatic insemination B) Parthenogenesis C) Embryogenesis D) Traumatic sterilization DEFINITION 57 Correct Answer(s): AA) Traumatic insemination TERM 58 Name the family of insects (order Hemiptera) where males carry the eggs on their backs? A) Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) B) Nepidae (water scorpions) C) Corixidae (water boatman) D) Notonectidae (back swimmers) DEFINITION 58 Correct Answer(s): AA) Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) TERM 59 Aphids are a member of what insect order? A) Hymenoptera B) Orthoptera C) Homoptera D) Dermaptera DEFINITION 59 C) Homoptera TERM 60 Name the insects that can take up to 17 years to complete development. A) Walking sticks B) Cicadas C) Bed bugs D) Seed bugs DEFINITION 60 B) Cicadas TERM 71 Convection currents in the atmosphere are driven by A) The different temperatures and densities of warm and cold air masses B) The jet stream dipping down into the troposphere C) Bursts of energy emitted by the ionosphere D) The surface winds, which in turn are influenced by the Coriolis effect DEFINITION 71 A) The different temperatures and densities of warm and cold air masses TERM 72 Which of the following is/are a problem(s) associated with the use of Bt transgenic crops that also is problematic with the use of traditional pesticides? A) Insect pests can become resistant B) Increased use of this product leads to water pollution C) Bt tends to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms D) A and C DEFINITION 72 A) Insect pests can become resistant TERM 73 Insects in the order Homoptera are the only insects that produce and hear sound. A) True B) Fals DEFINITION 73 B) False TERM 74 Hemipteran insect have larval forms that are similar to small adults. This form of development is called? A) ametabolous B) hemimetabolous C) holometabolous D) aerobic metabolism DEFINITION 74 B) hemimetabolous TERM 75 Global warming is likely to increase the ability of insects to become pests in all of the following except _______. A) Increasing the number of generations per year B) Extending the ranges of insects into new regions C) Increasing their capacity to spread disease D) In marine (salt water) conditions DEFINITION 75 D) In marine (salt water) conditions TERM 76 All of the following increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere except A) respiration B) photosynthesis C) combustion D) decomposition DEFINITION 76 B) photosynthesis TERM 77 Much of the ultraviolet light from the sun is absorbed by _______ as it passes through the atmosphere. A) Carbon dioxide B) Water vapor C) Nitrogen gas D) Ozone DEFINITION 77 D) Ozone TERM 78 No insect in the Order Hemiptera is capable of vectoring diseases to man. A) True B) False DEFINITION 78 B) False TERM 79 Weather DEFINITION 79 daily temperature and moisture conditions in a place TERM 80 Climate DEFINITION 80 a description of the long-term weather patterns in a particular area TERM 81 Troposphere DEFINITION 81 All weather occurs here. Convection currents redistribute heat and moisture around the globe Air temperature drops rapidly with increasing altitude. TERM 82 Thermosphere DEFINITION 82 Ionized gases and high temperaturesLower thermosphere has ions which are struck by high energy radiation. Aurora borealis (northern lights) TERM 83 Stratosphere DEFINITION 83 Has almost no water vapor, but 1000X more ozone than the troposphere Ozone absorbs ultraviolet light, which warms upper part of stratosphere. Ozone protects all life on Earth since UV radiation damages living Issues. Ozone being depleted TERM 84 Mesosphere DEFINITION 84 Middle Layer TERM 85 Greenhouse Effect DEFINITION 85 Of the solar energy that reaches the outer atmosphere: About one-quarter is reflected by clouds and the atmosphere. Another quarter is absorbed by carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and a few other gases. About half reaches the earths surface.-- Atmosphere transmits sunlight while trapping heat.--Longer wavelengths are absorbed in the lower atmosphere, trapping heat close to the earths surface. TERM 96 Annual cicadas DEFINITION 96 take 2-8 years to develop broods overlap, with some adults emerging every year seldom emerge in large numbers these are typically the cicadas we see and hear late in the summer here in Michigan TERM 97 Periodical cicadas DEFINITION 97 take 13 or 17 years to develop at any given location only one or two broods may emerge over any 13 or 17 year period usually emerge in large numbers (up to 1.5 million per acre) these are the cicadas that were in the news in 2004 TERM 98 Family: Cicadidae DEFINITION 98 cicadasSound producing organs (tymbals males only) and auditory organs (tympana both sexes) on basal abdominal segments TERM 99 Coleoptera diversity DEFINITION 99 Largest order of insects 350,000 described species in 167 families 30,000 North American species in 131 families Estimated that at least several million additional species remain to be discovered and described 2/3 of all beetles occur in 8 families: Buprestidae, Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Scarabaeidae, Staphylinidae, and Tenebrionidae Curculionidae is the largest family worldwide with over 50,000 described species Staphylinidae is largest family in North America TERM 100 Characteristics of the Insect Order Coleoptera (the beetles) DEFINITION 100 - HOLO-metabolousMouthparts - always chewingWings - Forewing = leathery or hard (elytra) TERM 101 Beetles DEFINITION 101 Beetles are the most diverse insect order - largest order, 40% of all insect species + 250,000 sp, 30,000 in the US and Canada -500 families- all habitats- herbivores, scavengers, predators, parasites -Feed on all plant parts; stored products; skin; fibers; wood TERM 102 Beetles Order: Coleoptera DEFINITION 102 Elytra: modified fore wing Pronotum prominent Complete metamorphosis (holometabolous) Largest order (40% of all insects) Chewing mouthparts Found everywhere except salt water and polar icecapsMost beetles herbivores or scavengers In large numbers can cause serious damage to crops and forests Directly or by transmikng disease Many are predators TERM 103 Aquatic adult migraations DEFINITION 103 Many adult aquatic Heteroptera and aquatic Coleoptera are excellent fliers, and they may fly short or relatively long distances looking for new bodies of water. TERM 104 Order: Psocoptera DEFINITION 104 booklice & barklice Small-sized, soc-bodied Face bulging Antennae long and slender Chewing mouthparts Prothorax ocen reduced Winged or wingless, if present, held roof-like over body Simple metamorphosis TERM 105 Order: Phthiraptera DEFINITION 105 lice Small, wingless, dorso-ventrally fla`ened Mouthparts chewing or piercing-sucking Formerly considered as 2 orders: Mallophaga (chewing lice) Anoplura (sucking lice) Chewing lice feed on skin, fur, or feathers Sucking lice feed on blood of host TERM 106 Flies Order: Diptera DEFINITION 106 One pair of wings -Attached to the mesothoraxHalteres - Attached to the metathorax -Function as stabilizersSucking mouthparts (piercing) -Sucking -Sponging -lapping TERM 107 Fly names DEFINITION 107 The common names of all true flies (Diptera) have the word fly separated by a space from the preceding part of the name.- crane fly, bee fly, robber fly, house fly, etcIn all non- Diptera that have the name fly associated with it, fly is not separated from the preceding parts of the name.- mayfly, dragonfly, stonefly, scorpionfly, bu9erfly, etc. TERM 108 Flies: Blood Suckers DEFINITION 108 only the females suck blood, using it for egg production TERM 109 Flies: Disease Transmission DEFINITION 109 malaria, yellow fever, West Nile virus