Statistics Terminology and Concepts, Quizzes of Communication

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TERM 1 statistics DEFINITION 1 a summary of data in a simple forma number that provides a summary of a characteristic of a data setusually associated with samples rather than populations TERM 2 descriptive statistics DEFINITION 2 provide a summary of characteristics that have been observed in a sample. not used to infer about people or object unobserved TERM 3 sampling statistics DEFINITION 3 provide a basis for estimating population characteristics from knowledge of a sample TERM 4 distributions DEFINITION 4 a collection of measurements shown as the frequency that observations are assigned to each category or point on a scale TERM 5 assignment to categories (graphing) DEFINITION 5 graphs showing nominal data (bar graph) TERM 6 assignment to points on a scale (graphing) DEFINITION 6 graphs showing ordinal data (histogram) TERM 7 bell shaped DEFINITION 7 shows a normal distribution TERM 8 peaked DEFINITION 8 measurement shows little discrimination of characteristics TERM 9 flat DEFINITION 9 measurement shows greater discrimination of characteristics TERM 10 skewed (positive or negative) DEFINITION 10 shows that characteristics tend to cluster away one end of the scale TERM 21 statistical inference DEFINITION 21 the process of estimating parameters from statistics TERM 22 sample distribution DEFINITION 22 about one single sample TERM 23 population distribution DEFINITION 23 characteristics we expect to exist in the population TERM 24 sampling distribution DEFINITION 24 distribution of characteristics observed in many different samples of populations. sample distribution of samples TERM 25 distribution in terms of probability DEFINITION 25 frequency of the occurrence TERM 26 normal distribution curve DEFINITION 26 a relation between the standard deviation (s) and probability of this s occuring TERM 27 normal curve as population distribution DEFINITION 27 if we knew the parameters of a population, we could estimate the chance of scores (in a sample) being within a certain range TERM 28 normal curve as sampling distribution DEFINITION 28 if the sampling distribution fits the normal curve, we could estimate the chance that one sample mean would be in a certain range. this range is viewed as standard error of the mean TERM 29 sampling error DEFINITION 29 if we have a random sample and a normal curve, we can assume a relation of sample characteristic to the population characteristic TERM 30 standard error of mean (s of x) DEFINITION 30 s of x = standard deviation divided by square root of sample size TERM 31 95% confidence interval DEFINITION 31 multiply the standard error by 1.96, then add and subtract that number from the sample mean to get upper and lower rangers TERM 32 SAMPLE QUESTION DEFINITION 32 the definition of a sampling distribution is which of the following?distribution of characteristics is observed in many different samples of the population TERM 33 research hypothesis DEFINITION 33 two population means will differ TERM 34 null hypothesis DEFINITION 34 population means will not differ. observed differences are due to sampling error TERM 35 logic of testing DEFINITION 35 the probability of whether observed difference is due to error. statistical reasoning allows calculating the probability that observed differences are due to error. if this probability is low, we can assume not due to error. we reject the null hypothesis and accept the research hypothesis TERM 46 analysis of variance (ANOVA) DEFINITION 46 single factor analysis of variance. multiple factor analysis of variance. assessing main effects. assessing interaction effects TERM 47 test statistics for frequency differences DEFINITION 47 z test (for proportional differences). chi-square test and contingency table analysis TERM 48 SAMPLE QUESTION DEFINITION 48 which of the following is NOT true about variance?a low ratio of systematic variance to error variance means real population difference existthe true answers were: it is a critical index to test population differences. its two components are systematic and error variance. systematic variance occurs between groups. error variance occurs within groups. TERM 49 SAMPLE QUESTION DEFINITION 49 dr. t wants to do a test to see whether a sample of 1000 people who drive the honda civic save more money on gas than people who drive a pruis. what statistical test should he use?z-test TERM 50 linear relationships between variables DEFINITION 50 positive relationship. negative relationship TERM 51 nonlinear relationships between variables DEFINITION 51 curvilinear relationships (direction of relationship between variables changes at some point). two common types: U shapes and inverted U shape TERM 52 bivariate correlation coefficient DEFINITION 52 a numerical summary of the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables. value between +1.00 and -1.00 indicates strength TERM 53 interval level data DEFINITION 53 pearson product-moment correlation TERM 54 ordinal-level data DEFINITION 54 spearman rho coefficient TERM 55 nominal data DEFINITION 55 pearsons phi, cramers v TERM 56 nominal ordinal data DEFINITION 56 point biserial correlation TERM 57 coefficient of determination DEFINITION 57 a numerical indicator showing the variance in one variable can be explained by knowledge of another variable TERM 58 multiple correlation DEFINITION 58 multiple correlation coefficient indicates the direction and strength of the relationship TERM 59 partial correlation DEFINITION 59 shows the relationship between two variables while controlling for the influence of one or more other variables TERM 60 linear regression DEFINITION 60 predicts an unknown criterion (dependent variable) based on known values of a predictor variable and the relationship between these two variables. line of best fit