Exam 3 | GEOG 1403 - Biogeography of the Global Garden, Quizzes of Geography

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TERM 1 extinction DEFINITION 1 the moment of extinction is marked by the death of the last individual of the species is the end of a species globally, across the entire planet EX: Auroch Sabre-tooth cat TERM 2 Extirpation DEFINITION 2 occurs when a species ceases to exist in a specific geographic region, though it still exists elsewhereEx: grey wolves from yellowstone TERM 3 Golden toad DEFINITION 3 Disease infected by B. dendrobatidis symptoms: skin lesions, impared respiration, decreased immunity, cardiac arrestHabitat restricted to the cloud forest in costa rica 4mi^2 rangeClimate because extremely warm because it was an el nio year TERM 4 endemic species DEFINITION 4 restricted to a small area or habitat TERM 5 passenger pigeons DEFINITION 5 once made up 25-40% of the total bird population in the USrange extended across easter half of North Americacosmopolitan speciesextinct 9/1/1914people killed the pigeon for food TERM 6 cosmopolitan species DEFINITION 6 has a range that extends over all or most of the world in appropriate habitats TERM 7 DEFINITION 7 Species that are highly abundant can still be vulnerable to extinction.Their birth rate is like most other species, but the death rate had a curve in it so there are two carrying capacities. TERM 8 Accidental extinction DEFINITION 8 woolly mammothhaast's eagleDodo TERM 9 Deliberate extinction DEFINITION 9 smallpoxMosquitos malaria dengue fever yellow fever elephantiasis TERM 10 Species richness (S) DEFINITION 10 the number of different species in an areaover time species richness will approach the # of species in a source area TERM 21 supply DEFINITION 21 Precipitation TERM 22 Demand DEFINITION 22 Evapotranspiration TERM 23 time series DEFINITION 23 is a series of data points measured consecutively at regular intervals in time TERM 24 1988 Drought in MN DEFINITION 24 Twin Cities had 44 days above 90drought index in NW MN hit -7Twin Cities declared a ban on sprinklers80% of Christmas trees in the state died TERM 25 Black Sunday 4/14/1935 DEFINITION 25 drought, dust storm TERM 26 drought impacts DEFINITION 26 recreationagricultureforest healthair quality TERM 27 flood DEFINITION 27 is an overflow that comes from a river or other body of water and causes or threatens damage TERM 28 impacts of flooding DEFINITION 28 Positive: reaches groundwater, adds nutrientsNegative: require fighting, damage property & infrastructure, loss of life TERM 29 Mississippi 1993 DEFINITION 29 A levee: an artificial wall that confines a river & protects adjacent property from floodingSt. Louis floodwall protected the city from the Mississippi but it only had 2' of freeboard$20B total damages TERM 30 flood of record DEFINITION 30 the highest recorded elevation of any known flood at a given location TERM 31 Red River 1997 (causes) DEFINITION 31 Weather & climate:Geology & natural history: used to be a lake agassiz, ice jams stop the water from flowing TERM 32 the "100-year" flood DEFINITION 32 a flood that has a 1% chance of being equaled or exceed in any single year TERM 33 prepare for floods DEFINITION 33 build infrastructurebuy insurance TERM 34 wildfire DEFINITION 34 an uncontrolled fire in a wilderness or natural area fueled primarily by vegetationby promoting succession, it encourages the growth of some plants & suppress the growth of others TERM 35 crown fires DEFINITION 35 is a wildfire that burns branches, leaves and wood material in the crowns of affected treeshigh severitylow frequencythe crown of a tree refers to the branches and leaves extending out from the main trunk. TERM 46 macrofossils DEFINITION 46 preserved organic remains large enough to be visible without a microscope TERM 47 pollen DEFINITION 47 is fine or coarse powder that contains the male gametes for seed plants wind-blown pollen can fall onto water surface and will eventually settle out and be preserved within the muddy lake bottom pollen grains produced by different plant species have a distinctive appearance identifying and counting the types of pollen grain preserved in lake sediment produces a time capsule of ancient vegetation around the lake TERM 48 DEFINITION 48 cambium: plant tissue that produces wood, bark or cork, and is responsible for the stem of woody plants thickening over time TERM 49 dormancy DEFINITION 49 is a period of arrested plant growth, which allows them to survive cold/dry seasonsthe buds of most temperature trees are protected by a covering of scales during the dormant period TERM 50 dendrochronology DEFINITION 50 the field uses information encoded into tree rings to answer questions about climate, water resources, ecology, and natural history TERM 51 fire scare DEFINITION 51 a permanent wound (usually at bottom of live trees) caused by scorching that killed part (not all) of the cambium TERM 52 Major sources of electricity used by MN DEFINITION 52 Coal 59%Nuclear 24%natural gas 7%renewables 7%everthing else 3% TERM 53 What happens to Nuclear power produced in MN DEFINITION 53 "dry cask storage" refers to steel and concrete clinders that are used to store high-level radioactive waste TERM 54 Hydrocarbons DEFINITION 54 are organic compounds that consist etirely of hydrogen & carbon, and are the main components of gasoline, jet fuel and propanepetroleum is a hydrocarbon TERM 55 what country is the leading producer of oil consumed in the USA DEFINITION 55 USAdomestic production: 58%oil imports 42% TERM 56 what countries are the major sources of oil imported to the USA DEFINITION 56 Canada is the leading exporter of oil to the US TERM 57 How can burning 1 gallon of gas release 19lbs of CO2 DEFINITION 57 The carbon from the gasoline mixes with oxygen from the air. Gasoline consists mostly of hydrocarbons. When the hydrocarbons burn, they break apart and recombine with the air. This reaction produces heat, as well as two chemical byproducts: water and carbon dioxide. Molecules of CO2weigh about three times more than the one molecule of octane you started with.you've added the weight of the oxygen from the air to the weight of the carbon from the gasoline. TERM 58 Wind energy DEFINITION 58 is the kinetic energy of the air in motion and is proportional to the cube of wind speedIntermittent source of energy TERM 59 Phenology DEFINITION 59 Pheno- "to show" or "make to appear"logos- "to study" or "to reason"is the study of the timing of recurring biological events , their relationship to biotic and abiotic forces, and the inter-relations among phases of the same or different species TERM 60 steps of life DEFINITION 60 dormancybud breakleaf outflowers visiblefruit drop TERM 71 evidence of change DEFINITION 71 wisconsin lakes are frozen from a much shorter timeMontana Glaciers are disappearing quickly proven by repeat photographyarctic observers: it has rained where it never did before, ice froze very late in January instead of the usual Novembers, harder to predict if the ice is safe TERM 72 multi-year-ice DEFINITION 72 ice that doesnt melt during its first summer will gradually increase in thickness (these blocker are about 1' thick) TERM 73 Not sea Ice DEFINITION 73 ice bergsglacial ice TERM 74 Northwest passage DEFINITION 74 is a sea route through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans TERM 75 Albedo DEFINITION 75 is a measure of reflectivity, and describes the fraction of solar energy (shortwave radiation) reflected from the Earth back into spaceocean water has low albedo when sunlight strikes directly, effective at absorbing radiation TERM 76 positive feedback DEFINITION 76 occurs when the output of a system acts in the same direction as the input of the system TERM 77 effects of changing the temperature and climate DEFINITION 77 eruption from volcanoes, Pintub eruption cooled entire planet human activities: burning coal, sulphate pollution black carbon TERM 78 sunspots DEFINITION 78 are cooler, darker areas on the Sun's surface where energy and light are suppressed by intense magnetic forces # of sunspots go from low to high solar minimum is when sunspots are relatively low, sunspots move closer to the equator, or no sunspots max when sunspots are relatively high, sunspots are at middle lattitudes visual marker of magnetic field as sunspots increase so to the frequency & severity of solar flares TERM 79 solar constant DEFINITION 79 is the average amount of radiation received at the top of the Earth's atmosphereas the number of sunspots increases so does solar irradiancenot constant +/- .1% TERM 80 DEFINITION 80 The more heat trapped shows that there is more CO2 in the atmosphere TERM 81 climate models DEFINITION 81 are sets of sophisticated mathematical equations that simulate the Earth's climate using physics, chemistry, and fluid motion TERM 82 sunspot cycle DEFINITION 82 The solar cycle is the periodic change in the sun's activity (including changes in the levels of solar radiation and ejection of solar material) and appearance (visible in changes in the number of sunspots, flares, and other visible manifestations). lasts about 11 years, locations change,polars flip every 11 years TERM 83 the columbian exchange DEFINITION 83 The Columbian Exchange, also known as the Grand Exchange, was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable disease, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres following the voyage to the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492. The term was coined in 1972 by Alfred W. no tomatoes, no chilies, no potatoes, no elephant had ate a peanut without the columbian exchange TERM 84 introduced species DEFINITION 84 is a species living outside its native range, having been moved to its new location by either deliberate or accidental human activity*most introductions do not result in invasionsgoatpighorsesheepcowgrass TERM 85 accidental introductions DEFINITION 85 Burmese PythonBuffel grass-perennial grass native to Africa and sw asia TERM 96 biomagnification DEFINITION 96 describes the increasing concentration of organic pollutants & metals upwards along a trophic cascade TERM 97 what does Pb do to the body DEFINITION 97 shuts down the gastrointestinal trackbreaks down hemoglobin and impacts red blood cellsaffects the brain, heart and other organsimpacts the neurological and respiratory systems TERM 98 what can be done to stop the lead getting to eagles DEFINITION 98 switch to non-Pb ammunitionwrite political representativesget educatedteach someone about the effects of Pb TERM 99 why should anyone care if the sea ice changes DEFINITION 99 main controls of weather over planetas ice melts away then sun heats the ocean, ocean circulation sets the weather & climateopen up NW passage moretempered zones warm up but the poles warm up the fastest TERM 100 how can scientists use honey bees to track the advance of spring DEFINITION 100 spring green up is 0.5 days earlier every yearpollenation may be happening earlierbees fly 2.5 miles in all directions for pollen, large amountsby weighing the hives, once can detect when nector peaks dips every yearif pollenation dates keep moving forward, pollenators & plants could get out of sync so bees get hungry and plants die TERM 101 what distinguishes a prescribed burn from a wildfire DEFINITION 101 controlledsafety is keyno damage to propertyperfect weather and moisturealotted a certain time constraintprescribed burns are used to kill non-native plants and allow the native plants to flourish TERM 102 what ecological changes happen after a grassland fire DEFINITION 102 plants grow tallerflower morebecome more robust TERM 103 forms of water in environment DEFINITION 103 photosynthesisgreenhouse effectalbedo effect TERM 104 Earth's water DEFINITION 104 Saline (Ocean) 97%Freshwater 3% 67.7% glaciers 30.1 Groundwater 0.3% Surface water TERM 105 Residence time DEFINITION 105 describes the average time a water molecule will spend in a specific reservoir within the hydrological cyclewater stays in the atmosphere for 9 days TERM 106 The Great Lakes- St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact DEFINITION 106 THere will be a ban on new diversions of water from the Basin. Limited exceptions could be allowed, such as for public water supply purposes in communities near the Basin, but exceptions would be strictly regulated TERM 107 Why was it necessary to ban divers of water outside the Great Lakes watershed? DEFINITION 107 PrecipitationEvapotranspirationthe measure is intended to put to rest longstanding fears that parched states or even foreign countries could do long-term damage to the basin by tapping into its tremendous body of fresh water TERM 108 Surface Runoff DEFINITION 108 Occurs when soil is completely saturated and excess water from rain, meltwater, or other sources flows over the land. TERM 109 Where does Tucson find enough water for 1 million people DEFINITION 109 water is brought from the Colorado river. The Central AZ project is 336 mile canal that diverts water from the CO River to communities in central & souther AZ TERM 110 The Colorado RIver Compact DEFINITION 110 is a legal agreement that divides water from the CO river among the 7 western statessince the agreement was pas the River has failed to meet the 18MAF