Exam 3- Heck | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Exam 3- Heck | PSYC 2044 - Psychology of Learning and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Encoding DEFINITION 1 the acquisition of info TERM 2 What factors affect encoding? DEFINITION 2 characteristics of material being learnedpresentation effects of materialcognitive strategiesparticipant factors TERM 3 Word meaningfulness DEFINITION 3 high frequency of occurrence in languageeasily pronouncedhave many associations to other termseasily imagined TERM 4 concrete words DEFINITION 4 refer to actual physical things, easily imagined TERM 5 imagery DEFINITION 5 the degree to which items can be imaginedpictures of objects that are actually seen are remembered better than if their names are just read TERM 6 testing effect DEFINITION 6 taking a practice test on recently studied material instead of studying the material longer TERM 7 spaced repetitions DEFINITION 7 interval of time or other items occurring between repetitions TERM 8 maintenance rehearsal DEFINITION 8 shallow processing TERM 9 massed repetition DEFINITION 9 item immediately repeated one after another TERM 10 elaborative rehearsal DEFINITION 10 deep processing TERM 21 retrograde amnesia hypothesis DEFINITION 21 sequential massed presentations of items tends to interfere with prior memory of info, allowing spaced practice to be more effective TERM 22 attention deficit hypothesis DEFINITION 22 one's attention to detail tends to diminish if practice sessions occur too closely together in time TERM 23 encoding variability hypothesis DEFINITION 23 spaced practices lead to different encodings of information, which allows for the possibility of multiple retrieval cues to enhance memory TERM 24 the generation effect DEFINITION 24 increased memory performance on study material generated by the participant TERM 25 Yerkes-Dodson Law DEFINITION 25 relationship between physiological arousal and memory generates an inverted-U curve; at high and low levels of arousal memory is not very good, at intermediate levels of arousal, memory tends to be at its most effective level TERM 26 emotion and memory DEFINITION 26 emotional arousal focuses one's attention on critical infoemotions can affect retrieval TERM 27 flashbulb memory DEFINITION 27 a vivd memory for a surprising, emotional, and consequential event TERM 28 weapon focus phenomenon DEFINITION 28 witnesses remember certain details (i.e. weapon) about an event but fail to recall other info (i.e. suspect's appearance) TERM 29 permanent-memory hypothesis DEFINITION 29 forgetting occurs due to the inability to retrieve memories TERM 30 semantic-network theories DEFINITION 30 items of knowledge are interconnected via associations TERM 31 Collins and Quillian Model DEFINITION 31 organizes info in a hierarchical manner TERM 32 spreading activation DEFINITION 32 activation of one item in memory spreads to adjacent items, causing related knowledge to be activated TERM 33 fan effect DEFINITION 33 Activation weakens as it spreads across the network TERM 34 modular approach DEFINITION 34 there are separate memory modules in the brain, each with underlying types of knowledge TERM 35 prosopagnosia DEFINITION 35 selective memory impairment in which they can't remember faces of individuals TERM 46 misinformation DEFINITION 46 using misleading info in questioning leads to a false recollection of the misleading info TERM 47 declarative knowledge DEFINITION 47 memory for verbalizable knowledge TERM 48 procedural knowledge DEFINITION 48 knowledge that underlies skilled behavior and the ability to quickly perform cognitive, perceptual, and motor operations TERM 49 spatial learning DEFINITION 49 knowing how to get from place to place in an environment, can have multiple kinds of spatial memories TERM 50 motor-skill learning DEFINITION 50 knowing how to perform coordinated bodily movements quickly and accurately TERM 51 implicit learning DEFINITION 51 knowing the underlying rules that govern complex sequences of behaviors TERM 52 route knowledge DEFINITION 52 knowledge of a series of routes, directions, or paths through a spatial environment TERM 53 survey knowledge (cognitive mapping) DEFINITION 53 abstract representations of an environmentcontains landmarks and interrelationships between different aspects of the environment TERM 54 hippocampus DEFINITION 54 lesions to this area led to impairment in the original radial arm maze (rats choose the same arms over and over)London taxi drivers have increased hippocampus activity TERM 55 amygdala DEFINITION 55 lesions in this area led to impairment in S-R association (associating a lighted arm with food) TERM 56 striatum DEFINITION 56 lesions in this area led to impairment in learning which arms they had previously entered (reverse radial arm maze) TERM 57 spatial schemas DEFINITION 57 facilitate organization and can distort recall TERM 58 distortion DEFINITION 58 schemas eliminate some details from memory traces when trying to develop an abstract, generalized memory of a given environment TERM 59 spatial memories DEFINITION 59 tend to be organized in a similar manner to semantic networksitems that are related tend to be recalled together TERM 60 power law DEFINITION 60 one's performance ability may improve dramatically during an initial practice session, but over time, improvement in a skill is much more gradual TERM 71 aging and memory DEFINITION 71 older adults dont remember as well due to: o Reduced memory capacity o Metamemory failures o Encoding and/or retrieval difficulties TERM 72 mnemonists DEFINITION 72 people with exceptional memories TERM 73 savants DEFINITION 73 individuals with an exceptional cognitive ability in the presence of otherwise low intelligence TERM 74 self-handicapping DEFINITION 74 our beliefs about the effectiveness of our own memories may affect how we actually perform TERM 75 verbalizers DEFINITION 75 learn through words/book TERM 76 visualizers DEFINITION 76 learn through pictures TERM 77 Tryon DEFINITION 77 selective breeding