Exam 3 | HSCI 2230 - Intro Microbiology, Quizzes of Microbiology

Download Exam 3 | HSCI 2230 - Intro Microbiology and more Quizzes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Antigen DEFINITION 1 a substance that is recognized as foreign or "non self" by the immune system TERM 2 Antigenic Determinent DEFINITION 2 (EPITOPE) the precise molecular group of an antigen that defines its specificity and triggers the immune response TERM 3 Attenuation DEFINITION 3 Alive; any process that substantially lessens or negates the virulance of bacteria or viruses TERM 4 Toxoid DEFINITION 4 a toxin that has been rendered nontoxic but is still capable of eliciting the formation of protective antoxin antibodies; used in vaccines TERM 5 Antitoxin DEFINITION 5 globulin fraction of serum that neutralizes a specific toxin. Also refers to the specific antitoxin antibody itself TERM 6 Herd Immunity DEFINITION 6 the status of collective acquired immunity in a population that reduces the likelihood that nonimmune individuals will contract and spread infection. one aim of vaccination is to induce herd immunity TERM 7 Metastasis DEFINITION 7 in cancer, the dissemination of tumor cells so that neoplastic growth appear in other sites away from the primary tumor TERM 8 Hypersensitivity DEFINITION 8 a therapeutic exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergiv reaction TERM 9 Atopy DEFINITION 9 Atopy or atopic syndrome is a predisposition toward developing certain allergic hypersensitivity reactions. TERM 10 Neoplasm DEFINITION 10 a synonym for tumor TERM 21 Primary vs. Secondary Immune responses DEFINITION 21 Primary: slower -weak repsonse -few specific B&T cells -few antibodies made Secondary: faster -strong response -more specific B&T cells -lots of IgG made quickly -basis for vaccines and booster shots TERM 22 Cellular Immune System "self" and "nonself" DEFINITION 22 All body cells have Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) class I proteins on their surfaces tht mark cells as "self" Immune system tries to destroy anything that does not have class I proteins, "nonself" or antigens TERM 23 T cells DEFINITION 23 - derived from bone marrow and mature in thymus -make up 70-80% of circulating lymphocytes - Each has a T cell antigen receptor which recognizes a peptide bound to a self MHC molecule - Do not recognize soluble, extracellular antugen - Antigen must be displayed on surface of an antigen presenting cell like B cell or macrophage TERM 24 3 Types of T cells DEFINITION 24 HELPER T4: conductor of immune system; Activate other cells of immune system (most important one) Cytotoxic T8: Destory target cells on contact ( perforin-perferate cells) Regulatory: Turn off immune responses, self tolerance protects us, auto immune TERM 25 Cytokines DEFINITION 25 -chemical messengers of the immune system - signal cells to move into area, become active, replicate, etc -used to communicate among WBCs a. Interleukin 1 (IL-1) b. Interferon (IFN) c. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) TERM 26 Humoral and Cell-mediated Immunity DEFINITION 26 Humoral: Cell types: B cels, plasma cells Secretions: Antibodies, Y shaped proteins Antigens: freely circulating bacteria, viruses, etc. Requires T cell stimulation: YES Cell- Mediated Immunity: Cell types: T cells (3 types) Secretions: Cytokines to communicate Antigens: intracelllular parasites, transplants, cancer Requires T Cell stimulation: YES TERM 27 Vaccines DEFINITION 27 -provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity -increases the number of T cells, B cells, and antibodies, specific for the antigen TERM 28 Vaccines/Success Story DEFINITION 28 -up through the early 1920s diptheria was one of the most dreaded childhood disease in the US-killing over 10,000/year -In 1962, the year before measles vaccine 500,000 cases -up until 1960 millions died from smallpox every year -in 1952, over 21,000 paralytic polio cases in US -we can now protect children from more that 12 vaccine preventable diseases -disease rates have been reduced by 99% in the US TERM 29 Checklist of Requirements for an Effective Vaccine DEFINITION 29 -low lovel of adverse side effects or toxicity and not cause serious harm -protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogen -stimulate both antibody(B cell) response and cytotoxic (T cell) response -long term, lasting effects (produce memory) -not require numerous doses or boosters -inexpensive, have a relatively long shelf life, and be easy to administer TERM 30 4 general types of antigens used for vaccines DEFINITION 30 1. Kill whole bacteria or viruses 2. Live attenuated bacteria or viruses 3.Purified components of bacteria or viruses 4. Genetically engineered microbes or antigens TERM 31 1. Kill whole bacteria or viruses DEFINITION 31 -heat or chemicals are used to kill the microbes -antigenicity is retained -vaccine stimulates immunity, but pathogen cannot multiply TERM 32 Killed whole bacteria or viruses DEFINITION 32 -the microbe cannot reproduce -the dead microbe still generates a response by T-cells and B-cells, producing antibodies and a memory record -takes several vaccines to achieve long-lasting immunity -safe for people with weakened immune systems -vaccines of this type include salk polio (IPV), influenza, hepatitis A, and rabies TERM 33 2. live attenuated bacteria or viruses DEFINITION 33 -virulence is reduced or eliminated -microbe grows too slow to cause disease TERM 34 Attenuation (ALIVE) DEFINITION 34 -any process that substantially lessens or negates the virulance of bacteria or viruses -achieved by: -long term cultivation (unnatureal strain) -selection of mutant strains that grow at colder temperatures -passage of microbe through unnatural hosts -removal of virulance genes TERM 35 2. Live attenuated bacteria and viruses DEFINITION 35 -the microbes ability to reproduce rapidly is weakened -normally these microbes cause illness by reproducing themselves thousands of times in the body -the microbe used in a vaccine may reproduce itself 20 times or less, but this is still enough to initiate T cell and B cell reaction and cell memory -one or two vaccines of a live, weakened virus will make a person immune for life -this type of vaccine is not safe for people with compromised immune systems (cancers, AIDS) Ex: measles, mumps, chickenpox and hepatitis A