Ecological Approach: Influences on Child Development and Sociability, Quizzes of Human Development

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TERM 1 Bronfenbrenner DEFINITION 1 Ecological approach on influencestheorizing multiple layers of environmental influences TERM 2 Ecology of Development DEFINITION 2 Child within a family system:-family systems-goals of socialization in family-parenting styles-interparental conflict and divorce-child maltreatment TERM 3 family system theory DEFINITION 3 -family is seen as a living organism, constituting a whole that is greater than the sum of its individual parts-subsystems- relationship between parent/child, two siblings, parents, etc-reciprocal relationships - two way interactional-enmeshment -clash of boundaries, excessive closeness (eg. mom discussing relationship with husband to daughter) TERM 4 Triangle (within family) DEFINITION 4 when instability or conflict is present between two family members, a third member will often be pulled in to stabilize family relations in general TERM 5 family genogram DEFINITION 5 -males represented by square-females represented by circle- oldest children placed on left side TERM 6 most important family function DEFINITION 6 socialization TERM 7 individualistic culture DEFINITION 7 -stress importance of independence, self-reliance, self- direction, mastery, self-confidence, assertiveness TERM 8 collectivistic culture DEFINITION 8 -stress importance of inter-dependence, obedience, conformity, persistence, emotional control, courtesy TERM 9 variations in US culture DEFINITION 9 SES = socioeconomic status- lower SES in the US: stress on obedience, respect for authority- upper SES in the US: stress on ambition, independence, autonomy TERM 10 Diana Baumrind (parenting styles) DEFINITION 10 - two orthogonal dimensions- acceptance/responsiveness - dimension of parenting describing responsiveness and affection toward child demandingness/control - describes how restrictive and demanding parents are TERM 21 impact of divorce on girls DEFINITION 21 experience more covert stress, more difficult to seemay lose faith in their own ability to find good marriage, may lead to earlier sexual behaviors (trying to find someone to care about them in a relationship-oriented way) TERM 22 long term reactions to divorce DEFINITION 22 most children show healthy patterns of adjustmentmay have lingering effects - perceived loss of closeness to parents, fear own marriage will be unhappynot all divorcing families experience the same difficulties mentioned TERM 23 forms of child maltreatment DEFINITION 23 physical abuse emotional and psychological abuse (why we're you born I didn't want you) neglect sexual abuse child abuse is 4th most common cause of death under age 5 TERM 24 developmental consequences of child abuse DEFINITION 24 physical - injury and deathpsychological - carry over to next generation (only way they know how to deal with disobedience often affects future parenting, increased aggression, depression, fear, sadness, self-destructive behavior impaired cognition, emotional expression and communication troubled peer relationships and social skills TERM 25 personality traits causing abuse DEFINITION 25 abusive parents: more psychological symptoms - anger, anxiety, unhappy more distress - physical health, depression perceive environment as unpredictable, stressful, adversive more immature and less intelligent annoyed and lack of sympathy report bad behavior that no one else can confirm unrealistic expectations of children TERM 26 characteristics of abusive families DEFINITION 26 more violence in all family relationships, not just child- parent more adverse behavior (yelling, threats) lower rate of interaction interaction mostly negative fewer positive interactions and incentives ineffective child management FAMILY IS A POWERFUL SOCIAL SYSTEM TERM 27 effects of attending school DEFINITION 27 better performance on tests of memory and metacognitive knowledgemore schooling = higher cognitive performance TERM 28 formal scholastic curricula DEFINITION 28 set courses and contentstudents acquire knowledge and academic skills TERM 29 informal curriculum DEFINITION 29 noncurricular objectives such as teaching children:cooperation, respect authority, obey rules, become good citizens TERM 30 effective schools promote: DEFINITION 30 academic achievement, social skills, polite and attentive behavior, positive attitudes toward learning, low- absenteeism, skills to find a good job TERM 31 factors contributing to effective school DEFINITION 31 monetary support (but more importantly where the money is being used within the school), class size, scholastic atmosphere of successful schools, extracurriculars TERM 32 teaching styles DEFINITION 32 authoritative (preferred by 95%), authoritarian, laissez-faire, TERM 33 pygmalion effect DEFINITION 33 tendency of students to do as well as their teachers expect them to (good or bad) TERM 34 effective schooling and teaching: DEFINITION 34 contributes to positive social and emotional outcomes protects students - deviant peer groups, substance abuse, internalizing and externalizing disorders TERM 35 social skills DEFINITION 35 enable children to achieve personal or social goals while maintaining harmony with peers TERM 46 catharsis theory DEFINITION 46 watching certain aggression on TV actually reduces aggression in some people TERM 47 social learning theory DEFINITION 47 watching TV violence increases aggression in viewers TERM 48 desensitization hypothesis DEFINITION 48 people who watch a lot of media violence become less aroused by aggression and more tolerant of violent and aggressive acts TERM 49 mean-world beliefs DEFINITION 49 people believe the world is meaner than it actually is due to judging based on what they see on TV TERM 50 children reactions to ads on tv DEFINITION 50 average child sees 20,000 TV ads a yearprior to age 9, they don't understand the intent to sell productsmay be more serious than TV violence - children are vulnerable and accept ad messages as they are, without criticism TERM 51 resilience DEFINITION 51 relative resistance to environmental risk experiences TERM 52 cumulative risk DEFINITION 52 risk factors often co-occur and carry additive and exponential risk on top of each other TERM 53 protective factors for children at risk DEFINITION 53 higher IQ competent parenting figures effective schools/positive school experience TERM 54 protective factors for children under stress DEFINITION 54 self-efficacy self-confidence internal locus of control high intellectual and social cognitive skills TERM 55 acute vs chronic trauma DEFINITION 55 eg. acute - natural disasterchronic - maltreatment TERM 56 protective factors during trauma recovery DEFINITION 56 becoming a parent supportive spouse strong religious affiliation therapy TERM 57 resilience observation DEFINITION 57 resilience cannot be measured directly as an observed trait, like aggression, shyness, etc. because its not a single qualitypeople may be resilient to some environmental hazards but not otherscontext can be crucial so some people will be resilient at some times in their lives and others not so much