Understanding Consciousness and Sleep: Terms and Definitions, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 free will DEFINITION 1 freedom to make choices that are not determined by prior causes or by divine intervention a blend of automatic and controlled processes TERM 2 constrained will DEFINITION 2 interaction of controlled (attention) and automatic (unconscious) processes know what you want so you can shape your automatic responses TERM 3 change blindness DEFINITION 3 what your focusing on causes an inattention to change asking for directions on a map youtube video TERM 4 inattention blindness DEFINITION 4 not looking for a specific thing on the screen others showing up failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere moonwalking bear TERM 5 choice blindness DEFINITION 5 switching the pictures of attractive faces and explaining why you chose most people did not notice the change TERM 6 pop out phenomenon DEFINITION 6 something that draws in your attention, so you don't notice other changes you only notice smiles on faces TERM 7 consciousness DEFINITION 7 awareness of ourselves, surrounding, and environment conscious of mind and all mental processs TERM 8 attention DEFINITION 8 focus on sensations, thoughts, and feelings bringing information to the surface TERM 9 conscious... DEFINITION 9 allows for us to make complete decisions and use ourselves in the surrounding environment TERM 10 what are reasons humans sleep? DEFINITION 10 sleep saves energy allows tissue to repair growth enhances memory (consolidation) TERM 21 alpha waves DEFINITION 21 slow waves, a relaxed, awake brain TERM 22 delta waves DEFINITION 22 large, slow waves of deep sleep TERM 23 as you get older, sleep... DEFINITION 23 waves start to become shorter, meaning less of a deep sleep TERM 24 REM sleep DEFINITION 24 Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep is a normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid movement of the eyes. mind is alert, body is physiologically aroused; no muscle tone, body is paralyzed; fast EEG activity (beta waves); 80% of REM results in dreaming; also stirs liquid of cornea (fresh oxygen) re-occuring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur, muscles are relaxed, but no other body systems are active TERM 25 sleep spindles DEFINITION 25 burst of rapid rhythmic brain wave activity TERM 26 why is REM sleep so unique? DEFINITION 26 because physically your body is asleep, but mentally you are asleep TERM 27 how does artificial light delay sleep? DEFINITION 27 it makes the mind think that it is awake TERM 28 does the body still process outside stimuli while asleep? DEFINITION 28 yes: there are other systems still alert to allow other information process through hearing: we can still have EEG activation like hearing we know this by the EEG TERM 29 insomnia DEFINITION 29 recurring problems in falling or staying asleep TERM 30 narcolepsy DEFINITION 30 a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks - the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep often at inopportune times TERM 31 sleep apnea DEFINITION 31 a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings TERM 32 night terrors DEFINITION 32 a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered TERM 33 sleep walking DEFINITION 33 stage 4 sleep disorder TERM 34 sleep talking DEFINITION 34 stage 4 sleep disorder TERM 35 research methods to monitor sleep DEFINITION 35 sleep labs EEG equipment: measures EEG activity in the brain monitor sleep cycles actigraphy: measures gross motor activity sleep watch: measures wrist movement TERM 46 divided conscious theory DEFINITION 46 hypnosis is more than inducing someone to play the role of a "good subject" much of our behavior occurs on autopilot TERM 47 psychoactive drugs DEFINITION 47 a chemical that alters perception and mood recreation medicinal TERM 48 3 characteristics of addiction DEFINITION 48 strong craving/psychological dependence physical dependence/withdrawal tolerance TERM 49 disease model of addiction DEFINITION 49 The disease model of addiction describes an addiction as a lifelong disease involving biologic and environmental sources of origin. no such thing as a recovered alcoholic animals studies "distress will be relieved pharamalogically is possible" TERM 50 depressants DEFINITION 50 clams neural activity TERM 51 types of depressents DEFINITION 51 alcohol benzodiazepines opiates TERM 52 alcohol DEFINITION 52 relaxation euprhoria analgesia (relieves pain) impaired coordination depresses neural firing in GABA system of brain: methanol on GABA to slow down the brain withdrawal symptoms: serious withdrawal, not enough inhibition, too much excitement, DTS (delirium tremens - ONLY treatable) potentially fatal TERM 53 benzodiazepines DEFINITION 53 xanax (alprazoiam) valium (diazepam) sleep aids, alcohl withdrawal notorious for memory loss system of brain: works on GABA withdrawal: similar to alcohol but longer half life TERM 54 opiates DEFINITION 54 opium derivatives heroin, vicodin (hydrocodone) percocet (oxycodone) Felix Hoffman = morphine --> heroin was a non addictive cough suppressant system: endorphin system (endogenous morphines) euphoria pain relief withdrawal: rough, flu like symptoms (probably not directly fatal) TERM 55 stimulants DEFINITION 55 speed up body functions TERM 56 type of stimulants DEFINITION 56 cocaine amphetamine ecstasy TERM 57 cocaine DEFINITION 57 1863 Angelo Mariani tried to make wine not be tiring so he put cocaine in it cocaine hydrocholride = powder crack = smoking cocaine dopamine: blocks reuptake withdrawal: psychological anhedonia: not finding enjoyment in anything extremely strong cravings TERM 58 amphetamine DEFINITION 58 adderral dopamine: stimulate release, mild reuptake methamphetamine: derived from amphetamine; similar of action TERM 59 ecstasy DEFINITION 59 MDMA; MD=methyleenedioxy; MA=methamphedetamine stimulants and hallucinogens: euphoria, empathy, sensory enhancement dopamine (low dose) serotonin (high dose) TERM 60 hallucinogens DEFINITION 60 distorts perception evokes vivid images and sensory outputs TERM 71 ill defined DEFINITION 71 what to eat? TERM 72 impediments to problem solving DEFINITION 72 confirmation bias fixation mental state or set functional fixedness representativeness heuristic availability heuristic overconfidence framing belief perseverance intuition ignoring base rate TERM 73 confirmation bias DEFINITION 73 a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions TERM 74 fixation DEFINITION 74 get stuck/give up TERM 75 mental state or set DEFINITION 75 existing knowledge TERM 76 functional fixedness DEFINITION 76 stuck on a specific function or tool TERM 77 representativeness heuristic DEFINITION 77 most likely based on other information TERM 78 avaliability heuristic DEFINITION 78 ability to answer questions by information that comes to mind TERM 79 overconfidence DEFINITION 79 the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgements TERM 80 framing DEFINITION 80 how you word a question or understatement TERM 81 belief perseverance DEFINITION 81 clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited TERM 82 ways to improve decision making DEFINITION 82 practice training small changes or "fixes" --> it can be hard to see improvements TERM 83 language develops from infancy through 2nd year of life DEFINITION 83 crying: from birth cooing: 2nd month babbling: 3rd/4th month one word stage: 1-2 years two word stage: 1-2 years telegraphic speech: 2 years TERM 84 operant language through associations of language development DEFINITION 84 Skinner (1985) babies learn to talk in many of the same ways that animals learn to peck keys and press bars: "verbal behavior evidently came into existence when, through a critical step in the evolution of the human species, the vocal musculature become suceptible to operant conditioning" TERM 85 inborn universal language theory of language development DEFINITION 85 Chomsky (1987) language will naturally occur given nurture; it just "happens to the child" a language acquisition device TERM 96 Alfred Binet DEFINITION 96 predicting school achievement TERM 97 mental age DEFINITION 97 measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet, the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance; thus a child who does well as the average 8 year old is said to have the mental age of 8 TERM 98 properties of a good test DEFINITION 98 standardization reliability validity TERM 99 standardization DEFINITION 99 defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested standardization group TERM 100 reliability DEFINITION 100 the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms on the test of on retesting TERM 101 validity DEFINITION 101 the extent to which a test measure or predicts what it is supposed to TERM 102 single factor theory of intelligence DEFINITION 102 you either got it or you don't Spearman TERM 103 multiple factor theory of intelligence DEFINITION 103 i can be smart at one thing but not so smart at another Gardner TERM 104 Triarchi Theory DEFINITION 104 Sternberg 3 factors: analytical creative practical TERM 105 savants syndrome DEFINITION 105 a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exception specific skill, such as computation or drawing TERM 106 savants and prodigies DEFINITION 106 brain damage does not effect every area of the brain TERM 107 emotional intelligence DEFINITION 107 the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions TERM 108 twin studies and intelligence DEFINITION 108 similar stronger with heriditary TERM 109 motivation DEFINITION 109 prominent driving force behind behavior TERM 110 types of motivation DEFINITION 110 hunger survival sex TERM 121 evolutionary side of attraction DEFINITION 121 men = want to reproduce women = want someone to raise a child with TERM 122 how are actions explained through this perspective? DEFINITION 122 natural selection plays a role TERM 123 components of emotion DEFINITION 123 physiological arousal expressive behaviors TERM 124 physiological arousal DEFINITION 124 being able to tell what someone is feeling TERM 125 expressive behaviors DEFINITION 125 emotional change TERM 126 theories of emotion DEFINITION 126 James-Lange theory Cannon-Bard theory Schechters Two Factor Theory TERM 127 James-Lange Theory DEFINITION 127 emotion is awareness of physiological responses perception of stimulus --> physiological response --> emotion TERM 128 Cannon - Bard Theory DEFINITION 128 emotion arousing stimuli simultaneously triggers: phyisological responses, subjective experience of emotions arousal = racing heart TERM 129 Schechter's Two Factor Theory DEFINITION 129 to experience emotion one must: be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal TERM 130 arousal DEFINITION 130 physical excitement TERM 131 valence DEFINITION 131 mental contentment TERM 132 sympathetic division DEFINITION 132 The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the three parts of the autonomic nervous system, along with the enteric and parasympathetic systems. calms the body TERM 133 parasympathetic division DEFINITION 133 The parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) is a division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), along with the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS or "bowels NS"). calms the body TERM 134 different emotions have different physiological responses DEFINITION 134 yes TERM 135 what are emotions for? DEFINITION 135 promoting relationships guiding attention TERM 146 I/O psychology DEFINITION 146 human behavior in the work place TERM 147 industrial psychology DEFINITION 147 Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I-O psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, work psychology, organizational psychology, work and organizational psychology, industrial psychology, occupational psychology, personnel psychology or talent assessment) applies psychology to organizations and the workplace. TERM 148 employers perspective DEFINITION 148 recruitment interviewing selection training performance appraisals training performance appraisals legal TERM 149 organizational psychology DEFINITION 149 Industrial and organizational psychology (also known as I-O psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, work psychology, organizational psychology, work and organizational psychology, industrial psychology, occupational psychology, personnel psychology or talent assessment) applies psychology to organizations and the workplace. TERM 150 employee's perspective DEFINITION 150 job stress motivation and satisfaction leadership and teams fairness TERM 151 what is I/O psychologists interested in? DEFINITION 151 training and assessments: difficulty, errors feedback employee selection marketing research human resources consultants academia TERM 152 feedback DEFINITION 152 360 degrees of feedback