Glossary of Geopolitical and Urban Terms, Quizzes of Geography

Download Glossary of Geopolitical and Urban Terms and more Quizzes Geography in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Agriculture DEFINITION 1 - a science, an art, and a business directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit-two-way relationship between people and their environments TERM 2 Agrarian DEFINITION 2 the way of life that is deeply embedded in the demands of agricultural production...refers to the type of tenure (or landholding) system that determines who has access to land and what kind of cultivation practices are employed there TERM 3 Hunting and Gathering DEFINITION 3 activities through which people feed themselves by killing wild animals and marine species and gathering fruits, roots, nuts, and edible plants TERM 4 Subsistence Agriculture DEFINITION 4 - a system in which agriculturists consume most of what they produce-replaced hunting and gathering in many parts of the globe when people realized that domesticating plants and animals would enable them to settle in one place TERM 5 Commercial Agriculture DEFINITION 5 - a system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families- has become dominant in the core countries in the 20th century TERM 6 Shifting Cultivation DEFINITION 6 - farmers aim to maintain soil fertility by rotating the fields they cultivate- aka. slash-and-burn- contrasts with crop rotation TERM 7 Slash and Burn DEFINITION 7 - existing plants are cropped close to the ground, left to dry, and ignited-adds nutrients to the soil- typical method for preparing a new site TERM 8 Crop Rotation DEFINITION 8 fields under cultivation remain the same but the crops planted are changed to balance the types of nutrients withdrawn from and delivered to the soil TERM 9 Intertillage DEFINITION 9 the practice of mixing seeds and seedlings in the same swidden (land cleared and ready for cultivation) TERM 10 Pastoralism DEFINITION 10 - involves the breeding and herding of animals to satisfy human needs for food, shelter, and clothing- usually practiced in cold or dry climates of the savannas, deserts, and steppes TERM 21 Biotechnology DEFINITION 21 - any technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to improve, make, or modify plants and animals or to develop microorganisms for specific uses- can help reduce agricultural production costs and serve as a kind of resource management- even though it is rooted in the idea of growing more food, that doesn't mean that it's easier to grow more food- involves a lot of chemicals- hasn't allowed us to grow more food yet TERM 22 Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) DEFINITION 22 - an organism that has had its DNA modified in a laboratory rather than through cross pollination or other forms of evolution- U.S.A not required to label (pervasive)- has not technically been proven that they are bad TERM 23 Geopolitics DEFINITION 23 the extension of state power over the physical and political bodies of a population TERM 24 Colonialism DEFINITION 24 the establishment and maintenance of political and legal domination by a state over separate and alien society TERM 25 Imperialism DEFINITION 25 extension of power of a nation through direct or indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories; domination of strong core states over the weaker states of the periphery TERM 26 Decolonization DEFINITION 26 the reacquisition by colonized peoples of control over their own territory TERM 27 Neocolonialism DEFINITION 27 - the use of economic, political, and cultural arrangements to influence a country, in the absence of more direct control- economic and political strategies by which powerful states in core economies indirectly maintain or extend their influence over other areas or people- not literal control over a place but how control lingers on over time TERM 28 Nation DEFINITION 28 - a group of people sharing certain elements of culture, such as religion, language, history, or political identity- culturally homogeneous in people's "beliefs"- the people TERM 29 State DEFINITION 29 - an independent political unit with recognized boundaries, although some of these boundaries may be in dispute- territorial bounded place "state"- the land- place TERM 30 Nation-State DEFINITION 30 - refers to an ideal form consisting of a homogeneous group of people governed by their own state-there are not many of these--relatively uncommon TERM 31 Sovereignty DEFINITION 31 the exercise of state power over people and territory-- that power is recognized by other states and codified by international law TERM 32 Government DEFINITION 32 the body or group of people who run the administration of a country TERM 33 Governance DEFINITION 33 the norms, rules and laws that are invoked to regulate a people or state TERM 34 Citizenship DEFINITION 34 status that entails specific rights, duties, and benefits TERM 35 Domino Theory DEFINITION 35 - if one country in a reign chose or was forced to accept a communist political and economic system, neighboring countries would fall to communism as well- main rationale for US involvement in Vietnam TERM 46 Urbanization DEFINITION 46 - increasing concentration of population into growing metropolitan areas- not simply the population growth of towns and cities--it also involves many other changes, both qualitative and quantitative TERM 47 Suburbanization DEFINITION 47 - growth of population along the fringes of large metropolitan areas TERM 48 Gentrification DEFINITION 48 involves the renovation of housing in older, centrally located lower-income neighborhoods through an influx of more affluent households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive but well located residences TERM 49 Gateway City DEFINITION 49 not necessarily the biggest cities but its connects others and has trade going through it TERM 50 Shock City DEFINITION 50 cities that industrialized really fast and unexpectedly (northern cities) TERM 51 Congregation DEFINITION 51 an area that happens to be a majority of one type of people, but it's a choice TERM 52 Segregation DEFINITION 52 people are discriminated against or forced to live somewhere TERM 53 Cold War DEFINITION 53 the state of heightened political and military tension as well as economic competition between the former Soviet Union and its satellite states and the U.S. and its allies TERM 54 Discourse DEFINITION 54 institutionalized way of constituting knowledge TERM 55 Democratic Rule DEFINITION 55 a system in which public policies and officials are directly chosen by popular vote TERM 56 Global Civil Society DEFINITION 56 set of institutions, organizations, and behaviors situated between the state, business world, and family, including voluntary and nonprofit organizations, philanthropic institutions, and political movements TERM 57 Human Rights DEFINITION 57 people's individual rights to justice, freedom, and equality, considered by most societies to belong automatically to all people TERM 58 Orientalism DEFINITION 58 discourse that positions the West as culturally superior to the East TERM 59 Territory DEFINITION 59 delimited area over which a state exercises control and which is recognized by other states TERM 60 Terrorism DEFINITION 60 threat or use of force to bring about political change