Prenatal Development and Child Psychology: Key Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Prenatal Development and Child Psychology: Key Terms and Concepts and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 The 3 stages of Prenatal development DEFINITION 1 1. Germinal Stage 2. Embryonic Stage 3. Fetal Stage TERM 2 Germinal Stage DEFINITION 2 the first prenatal stage of development, which begins at conception and lasts two weeks. TERM 3 Embryonic Stage DEFINITION 3 the second prenatal stage, from 2 weeks to 8 weeks after conception, when all of the major organs form. TERM 4 Fetal Stage DEFINITION 4 the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and ends at birth. TERM 5 Zygote DEFINITION 5 the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg. TERM 6 Embryo DEFINITION 6 the term for the developing organism from 2 weeks until about 8 weeks after conception. TERM 7 Placenta DEFINITION 7 organ by which embryo/fetus is attached to mothers uterus, transmits nourishment TERM 8 Teratogens DEFINITION 8 toxic agents that can disrupt normal prenatal development and result in birth defects. TERM 9 Critical Period DEFINITION 9 time when internal/external influences exert major effect on development at other periods, the same influences exert little no effect at all. TERM 10 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome DEFINITION 10 a consequence of prenatal alcohol exposure that causes multiple problems, notably brain damage and mental retardation. TERM 21 Egocentrism DEFINITION 21 viewing the world from ones own perspective and not being capable of seeing things from another persons perspective TERM 22 Pre-conventional Level DEFINITION 22 focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards-- ages 7-10 EX: you shouldnt steal the drug because you will be caught and sent to jail TERM 23 Conventional Level DEFINITION 23 the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness--ages 13-16 EX: your family will think youre an inhuman husband is you dont steal the drug TERM 24 Post-conventional Level DEFINITION 24 the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules--ages 17 and up -Motivation to follow rational, mutually agree-upon principles and maintain the respect of others (social contract) -Motive to uphold ones ethical principles and avoid self-condemnation EX: if you dont steal the drug, you wouldnt have lived up to your own standards of conscience. TERM 25 Attachment DEFINITION 25 the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers. TERM 26 Imprinting DEFINITION 26 the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth TERM 27 Strange Situation Test (SST) DEFINITION 27 procedure for studying attachment in which a caregiver leave a child alone with a stranger for several minutes and then returns TERM 28 Secure Attachment DEFINITION 28 infants actively explores their environment, but also seeks contact and takes comfort from the caregiver when she returns in the SST TERM 29 Insecure/Avoidant Attachment DEFINITION 29 explore new environments tentatively, and are slow to greet their caregivers when they return in the SST TERM 30 Resistent/Ambivalent Attachment DEFINITION 30 explore new environments tentatively. When the caregiver returns, the infant at first seeks her out, but then rejects or resister offers comfort. TERM 31 Erikson's 8 Stages of Personality Development DEFINITION 31 1. Infancy- Basic trust vs. basic mistrust (Hope) 2. Early Childhood- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (Will) 3. Play age- Initiative vs. guilt (Purpose) 4. School age- Industry vs. inferiority (competence) 5. Adolescence- Identity vs. identity confusion (Fidelity) 6. Young Adulthood- intimacy vs. isolation (Love) 7. Adulthood- generativity vs. stagnation (Care) 8. Old Age- integrity vs. despair, disgust (Wisdom) TERM 32 Judgmental Heuristics DEFINITION 32 mental shortcuts that enable quick and efficient judgments TERM 33 Availability Heuristics DEFINITION 33 a device we use to make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness. TERM 34 Representativeness Heuristics DEFINITION 34 a strategy we use to estimate the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event. TERM 35 Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic DEFINITION 35 using a value as a starting point and then adjusting ones judgment away from this anchor-often, people fail to adjust adequately. TERM 46 Mental Set DEFINITION 46 a tendency to continue to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available. EX: 2+2=4, 2x2=4 BUT 3+3 and 3x3 do not equal the same thing. TERM 47 Algorithms DEFINITION 47 a step-by-step procedure of formula for solving a problem TERM 48 Fixation DEFINITION 48 the inability to break out of a particular mind-set in order to think about a problem form a fresh perspective TERM 49 Creativity DEFINITION 49 thinking and/or behavior that is both novel-original and useful-adaptive TERM 50 4 Stages of Creative Problem Solving DEFINITION 50 1. Preparation 2. Incubation 3. Insight 4. Verification- elaboration TERM 51 Genius DEFINITION 51 high intelligence combined with creative accomplishments that have a tremendous impact on a given field. TERM 52 Ideational Fluency DEFINITION 52 the ability to produce many ideas TERM 53 Originality DEFINITION 53 the ability to come up with unusual and novel ideas TERM 54 Flexibility of Thought DEFINITION 54 the ability to come up with many different categories of ideas and think of other responses besides the obvious one. TERM 55 DeCaspar's Suck-o-meter Experiment DEFINITION 55 specially rigged pacifier that enables babies to determine which tape they want to hear by changing their sucking speed. -15 out of 16 babies chose the tape they heard while in the womb.