Term 1: Memory and Intelligence - Key Concepts and Definitions, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Term 1: Memory and Intelligence - Key Concepts and Definitions and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Proactive Interference DEFINITION 1 Occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later. TERM 2 Retroactive Interference DEFINITION 2 Occurs when new information makes it harder to recall something you leaned earlier. TERM 3 Misinformation Effect DEFINITION 3 After exposure to misinformation, many people misremember. TERM 4 Jill Price DEFINITION 4 Video clip shown in class of woman who can recall almost everything from her past. TERM 5 Confirmation Bias DEFINITION 5 Our tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore contradictory evidence. TERM 6 Congnition DEFINITION 6 Refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. TERM 7 Heuristics DEFINITION 7 Sample thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems efficiently. Usually speedier, but more prone to failure. TERM 8 The Matchstick Problem DEFINITION 8 How would you arrange 6 matches to form 4 equilateral triangles? TERM 9 Fixation DEFINITION 9 Our inability to see a problem from a new perspective, employing a different mental set. TERM 10 The Representative Heuristic DEFINITION 10 Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. TERM 21 One-Word Stage DEFINITION 21 The stage of speech development during which a child speaks mostly in single words. TERM 22 Two-Word Speech (Telegram Speech) DEFINITION 22 The stage of speech development during which a child speaking mainly in two-word statements (telegram speech) as in the sort of a telegram. TERM 23 The Speaker DEFINITION 23 The stage of speech development in which a child begins uttering longer phrases. TERM 24 Chaser DEFINITION 24 Dog trained by psychologists Alliston Reid & John Pilley, knows more than 1000 words --- the largest tested memory of any animal. TERM 25 Cultural Transmission DEFINITION 25 On the western bank of the Ivory Coast River, a youngster watches its mothers uses a stone hammer to open a nut. On the river's other side, a few miles away, chimps do not follow this custom. TERM 26 Intelligence DEFINITION 26 A mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from new experience, solving problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations. TERM 27 Charles Spearman DEFINITION 27 Believed we have one general intelligence --- and he had a good reasoning to believe this. Found that people who do well on one test of mental ability, tend to do well on all others. TERM 28 Garnder's Theory DEFINITION 28 Intelligence is best thought of as multiple abilities that come in packages. TERM 29 Savant Syndrome DEFINITION 29 A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional skill, such as in computation or drawing. TERM 30 Kim Peek DEFINITION 30 Can read and remember a page in 8-10 seconds, and has memorized verbatim 9,000 books. (The real Rain Man) TERM 31 Theories of Multiple Intelligence DEFINITION 31 For Garner, a test score reflecting 'general intelligence' is essentially meaningless, because a person can have weakness in some areas, but strengths in others. TERM 32 Steinberg's Theory DEFINITION 32 1.) Analytical Intelligence: book smarts, reason logically2.) Creative Intelligence: Ability to come up with new/useful ideas3.) Practical Intelligence: street smarts, common sense. TERM 33 Creativity DEFINITION 33 The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable such as works of art. TERM 34 Teresa Amabile DEFINITION 34 Held a study where participants were asked to write poems. Half were told that their poems would be judged by a panel of English professors, whereas the other half were not. The finding: fear of evaluation led to less creative poems. TERM 35 Francis Galton DEFINITION 35 Had a fascination with measuring human traits, devised the first tests of mental ability, which he administered to people in his laboratory at the 1884 London Exposition. TERM 46 Emotions DEFINITION 46 A mix of psychological arousal, expressive behaviors, and consciously experienced thoughts. TERM 47 James-Lange Theory DEFINITION 47 The theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our psychological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. TERM 48 Cannon-Bard Theory DEFINITION 48 The theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers psychological responses and the subjective experience of emotions. TERM 49 Two-Factor Theory DEFINITION 49 The theory that to experience emotions, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. TERM 50 Social Psychology DEFINITION 50 The scientific study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.