Tobacco Use: Patterns, Health Risks, and Quitting Strategies, Study notes of Health sciences

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HPBR 1710 TEST 3 Chapter 10 Part 2: Tobacco Patterns of tobacco use - Of the adult population in the unites states are smokers o 20% - The decline of smoking of 45% since 1965 is largely because of public health campaigns about the hazards of smoking o Legal smoking age o Not smoking around children - Although smoking in the United States has declines that rate of decline has slowed since 1990 Smoking advertisements - Tobacco industry spends the most money for advertisements - Laws have been implemented to protect people against tobacco o Tobacco companies have to put warning labels on the cigarette package o Tobacco companies are restricted against commercials  They are not allowed to have tv commercials/ ads o They are not allowed to sponsor entertainment & sporting events o Make it illegal to smoke inside certain places o Cant be in vending machines - Ads are glamorous Gender and age group differences - Smoking is more prevalent o Among MEN than woman - Rates of smoking are HIGHER o Among young people than among older people. - Most smokers get hooked in Adolescence o And think they can stop at any time o More than 90% start before the age of 21 - College students are likely to smoke o More than the general population Smoking and ethnicity - Smoking is MORE prevalent among white populations o Than among African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and pacific islanders - The highest rate of smoking occurs among: o American Indians & o Alaska natives - The lowest smoking rates occur among: 1 o Asian Americans & o Pacific islanders Substances in tobacco - Tar o Is a thick, sticky residue that contains many of the carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke  Tar coats the smokers lungs and creates an environment conducive to the growth of cancerous cells  Responsible for many changes in respiratory system that cause hacking “smokers cough” - Carbon monoxide o One of the most hazardous gaseous compounds in tobacco  It interferes with the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen,  So vital body organs such as the heart are deprived of oxygen - Nicotine o Primary addictive ingredient in tobacco o A poison and a psychoactive drug o Enters body through alveoli  Small air sacs in the lungs  and enter the blood stream, reaching body cells within minutes o Signals endorphins/ block pain Tobacco products 1. Cigarettes o Most popular tobacco product o Account for nearly 95% of tobacco market  Process of control, absorption, distribution, elimination- makes cigarettes and effective drug delivery system of nicotine - Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act o Banned a variety of once legal cigarettes  Candy/ fake cigarettes  (Concerns that they applied directly to children)  Banned clove cigarettes  That contain higher levels of tar and nicotine than regular cigarettes - Electronic cigarette/ e cigarette o Battery powered device that provides inhaled doses of nicotine by heating a nicotine chemical solution into a vapor, which the smoker inhales  Vapor provides a flavor and physical sensation similar to that of inhaled tobacco smoke o They produce no tar, burning, real smoke, or air pollution o ** They still contain tobacco specific organic compounds. Still not safe 2. Cigars 2 o Toxins in tobacco smoke are secreted into cervical mucus and increase risk of cervical cancer. o In pregnant women, nicotine and tobacco chemicals are passed to fetus - Brain o Nicotine reaches the brain within 7 to 10 seconds triggering release of chemicals that affect mood; effects are both sedating and stimulating o Effects peak in about 10 minutes and are reduced by half within about 20 minutes - Mouth and throat o Tar and toxins irritate membranes in mouth o Dull taste buds o Stain teeth o Cause raspy voice - Lungs o Smoke increases mucus production and damages cilia in airway, preventing them from filtering out particles o Tar collects in lungs, creating condition conductive to cancer o Tobacco smoke is absorbed into bloodstream and travels throughout body - Heart and blood o Nicotine causes  Heart rate to increase  Blood pressure to rise  Blood vessels to constrict. o The heart must work harder to deliver oxygen to cells o Tobacco smoke makes blood stickier and adversely affects cholesterol levels - Adrenal glands o Increase production of adrenaline  Causing stimulating effects throughout the body - Digestive system o Nicotine is secreted from the blood stream into salvia, swallowed and reabsorbed in the stomach  Increasing risks of cancers in the digestive tract Long- term effects of tobacco use - Cardiovascular disease o Increased heart rate, increased tension in the heart muscle, and constricted blood vessels caused by nicotine lead to  Hypertension (high blood pressure)  Coronary heart disease  Heart attack  Stroke  Peripheral vascular disease 5  Congestive heart failure - Cancer o Smoking calls for 30% of cancer deaths o Pancreas o Kidney o Bladder o Breast o cervix - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  Chronic lower respiratory disease  Includes these three things: o Emphysema  Abnormal condition of the lungs characterized by decreased respiratory function and increased shortness of breath o Chronic bronchitis  Respiratory disorder characterized by mucus secretion, cough, and increasing difficulty in breathing o Asthma  Respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing, and think mucus production - Premature skin wrinkling - Increased risk during surgery - Infertility - Sexual dysfunction - Periodontal disease - Duodenal ulcers - Osteoporosis - Cataracts - Reduced effects of some medications o Penicillin o Anti-anxiety drugs - Comprised lung functions o Respiration immediately affectedincrease in carbon monoxide in the blood and decreased oxygen absorption Special health risks for woman (pg 214) o Increase in rates of lung cancer o Heart disease o Respiratory disease o More vulnerable to the addictive properties of nicotine o Fertility problems o Menstrual disorders o Early menopause 6 o Problems in pregnancy - Woman who smoke during pregnancy are at increase risk for: o Miscarriage o Still birth o Pre-term delivery o Low birth rate in infant o Perinatal death o SIDS- sudden infant death syndrome Special health risks for men - Greater use of other forms of tobacco (cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco) which places men at higher risk for cancers of the -  Mouth  Throat  Esophagus  Stomach - Men who smoke also are at risk for the following: o Problems with sexual function  Impotence  Erectile dysfunction o Alters sperm shape o Reduces sperm motility o And decreases the overall number of viable sperm Special Health Risks for Ethnic Minority Groups (EMG’S) - Ethnic minority groups have the highest risk factors of disease than whites - Mortality for the following diseases are higher for ethnic minority groups than whites o Cardiovascular disease o Cancer o SIDS Benefits of quitting of smoking - Risks for many health problems are reduced when smokers quit - Health benefits begin immediately and are more significant over time - Within a year, the risk for heart attack and coronary artery disease is reduced by half o Within 5 years the risk approaches that of non-smokers - Quitting increase quality of life Environmental tobacco smoke - Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) o Smoke form other people’s tobacco products  Second hand smoke  & Passive smoking 7