Anatomy and Physiology: Terms Relating to the Cardiovascular and Immune Systems, Quizzes of Biology

Download Anatomy and Physiology: Terms Relating to the Cardiovascular and Immune Systems and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 capillary DEFINITION 1 Capillaries () are the smallest of a body's blood vessels and are parts of the microcirculation. TERM 2 artery DEFINITION 2 Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart. TERM 3 vein DEFINITION 3 In the circulatory system, veins (from the Latin vena) are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. TERM 4 ventricle DEFINITION 4 The ventricle of the larynx (also the laryngeal sinus or laryngeal ventricle) is a fossa, situated between the ventricular and vocal folds on either side, and extending nearly their entire length. TERM 5 atrium DEFINITION 5 In anatomy, the atrium (plural: atria), sometimes called auricle (although technically the auricle is a separate part of the main atria known as the atrial appendages), refers to a chamber or space. TERM 6 pulmonary vein DEFINITION 6 A pulmonary vein is a large blood vessel of the circulatory system that carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. TERM 7 diastole DEFINITION 7 Diastole () is the period of time when the heart fills with blood after systole (contraction). TERM 8 cardiac output DEFINITION 8 Cardiac output (Q) is the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by a Left or Right ventricle in the Time interval of one minute. TERM 9 myogenic DEFINITION 9 Myogenic contraction refers to a myocyte contraction that originates from a property of the myocyte itself, i.e. TERM 10 pacemakers DEFINITION 10 A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device which uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart. TERM 21 heparin DEFINITION 21 Heparin (from Ancient Greek - (hepar), liver), also known as unfractionated heparin, a highly-sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule. TERM 22 hemophilia DEFINITION 22 Haemophilia (also spelled hemophilia in North America, from the Greek haima 'blood' and philia 'love') is a group of hereditary genetic disorders that impair the body's ability to control blood clotting or coagulation, which is used to stop bleeding when a blood vessel is broken. TERM 23 embolism DEFINITION 23 Cholesterol embolism (often cholesterol crystal embolism or atheroembolism, sometimes blue toe or purple toe syndrome or trash foot or warfarin blue toe syndrome) occurs when cholesterol is released, usually from an atherosclerotic plaque, and travels along with the bloodsteam (embolism) to other places in the body, where it obstructs blood vessels. TERM 24 plasma DEFINITION 24 Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells that produce large volumes of antibodies. TERM 25 hematocrit DEFINITION 25 The hematocrit (Ht or HCT) or packed cell volume (PCV) or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF) is the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells. TERM 26 erythrocytes DEFINITION 26 Red blood cells (also referred to as erythrocytes) are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate organism's principal means of delivering oxygen (O2) to the body tissues via the blood flow through the circulatory system. TERM 27 leucocytes DEFINITION 27 White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes"), are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. TERM 28 plaque DEFINITION 28 Psoriasis () is a chronic, autoimmune disease that appears on the skin. TERM 29 partial pressure DEFINITION 29 In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. TERM 30 vital capacity DEFINITION 30 Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inspiration. TERM 31 tidal volume DEFINITION 31 Tidal volume is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration when extra effort is not applied. TERM 32 respiratory pigment DEFINITION 32 A respiratory pigment is a molecule, such as hemoglobin in humans, that increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. TERM 33 hemocyanin DEFINITION 33 Hemocyanins (also spelled haemocyanins) are respiratory proteins in the form of metalloproteins containing two copper atoms that reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O2). TERM 34 hemoglobin DEFINITION 34 Hemoglobin (also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of vertebrates and the tissues of some invertebrates. TERM 35 affinity DEFINITION 35 Affinity, in etymology affinity is the opposite of infinity . TERM 46 antigens DEFINITION 46 An antigen is a molecule recognized by the immune system. TERM 47 clonal selection DEFINITION 47 The clonal selection theory has become a widely accepted model for how the immune system responds to infection and how certain types of B and T lymphocytes are selected for destruction of specific antigens invading the body. TERM 48 suppressor T cells DEFINITION 48 Regulatory T cells (Treg, sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self- antigens. TERM 49 apoptosis DEFINITION 49 Apoptosis ( or ) is the process of programmed cell death (PCD) that may occur in multicellular organisms. TERM 50 memory cells DEFINITION 50 Memory B cells are a B cell sub-type that are formed following primary infection. TERM 51 plasma cells DEFINITION 51 Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells, plasmocytes, and effector B cells, are white blood cells that produce large volumes of antibodies. TERM 52 MHC DEFINITION 52 MHC class I molecules are one of two primary classes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules (the other one being simply MHC class II) and are found on every nucleated cell of the body (and thus not on red blood cells though paradoxically are found on platelets). TERM 53 epitope DEFINITION 53 An epitope, also known as antigenic determinant, is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells. The part of an antibody that recognizes the epitope is called a paratope. Although epitopes are usually thought to be derived from non-self proteins, sequences derived from the host that can be recognized are also classified as epitopes. TERM 54 tumor DEFINITION 54 A tumor or tumour is the name for a neoplasm or a solid lesion formed by an abnormal growth of cells (termed neoplastic) which looks like a swelling. TERM 55 passive immunity DEFINITION 55 Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. TERM 56 anaphylactic shock DEFINITION 56 Anaphylaxis is an acute multi-system severe type I hypersensitivity reaction. TERM 57 mast cell DEFINITION 57 A mast cell (or mastocyte) is a resident cell of several types of tissues and contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. TERM 58 AIDS DEFINITION 58 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). TERM 59 auto-immune disease DEFINITION 59 Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. TERM 60 osmosis DEFINITION 60 Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. TERM 71 nephron DEFINITION 71 Nephron (from Greek - nephros, meaning "kidney") is the basic structural and functional unit of the kidney. TERM 72 glomerulus DEFINITION 72 A glomerulus is a capillary tuft that performs the first step in filtering blood to form urine. TERM 73 loop of Henle DEFINITION 73 In the kidney, the loop of Henle (or Henle's loop or ansa nephroni) is the portion of the nephron that leads from the proximal straight tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. TERM 74 renal cortex DEFINITION 74 The renal cortex is the outer portion of the kidney between the renal capsule and the renal medulla. TERM 75 medulla DEFINITION 75 Medulla refers to the middle of something and derives from the Latin word for marrow. TERM 76 ADH DEFINITION 76 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or AD/HD or ADD) is a developmental disorder. TERM 77 homeotherm DEFINITION 77 In biology, a warm-blooded or homeothermic animal species is one whose members maintain thermal homeostasis; that is, they keep their body temperature at a roughly constant level, regardless of the ambient temperature. TERM 78 parthenogenesis DEFINITION 78 Parthenogenesis (from the Greek - parthenos, "virgin", + genesis, "birth") is a form of asexual reproduction found in females, where growth and development of embryos occurs without fertilization by a male. TERM 79 hermaphroditism DEFINITION 79 In biology, a hermaphrodite is a plant or animal that has reproductive organs normally associated with both male and female sexes. TERM 80 spermatogenesis DEFINITION 80 Spermatogenesis is the process by which male primary germ cells undergo division, and produce a number of cells termed spermatogonia, from which the primary spermatocytes are derived. TERM 81 oogenesis DEFINITION 81 Oogenesis or ogenesis () is the creation of an ovum (egg cell). TERM 82 testosterone DEFINITION 82 Testosterone is a steroid hormone from the androgen group and is found in mammals, reptiles, birds, and other vertebrates. TERM 83 GnRH DEFINITION 83 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and luliberin, is a tropic peptide hormone responsible for the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary. TERM 84 FSH DEFINITION 84 The follicle stimulating hormone receptor or FSH-receptor (FSHR) is a transmembrane receptor that interacts with the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and represents a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). TERM 85 LH DEFINITION 85 Lhasa ( in English, Tibetan: , pronounced or ; and sometimes spelled Lasa) is the administrative capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China and the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau, after Xining.