Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Terms, Definitions, and Techniques, Quizzes of Biology

Download Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: Terms, Definitions, and Techniques and more Quizzes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Biotechnology DEFINITION 1 The manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.Selective breeding animals or cropsbeer makingyeast TERM 2 Genetic Engineering DEFINITION 2 Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposesMaking recombinant DNA TERM 3 What is the goal of genetic engineering? DEFINITION 3 To improve our understanding of how genes work.Advance biotechnology TERM 4 What are the basic tools to genetic / bioengineering? DEFINITION 4 DNA ligasePlasmids/ DNA cloningDNA libraries and probes TERM 5 What are some of the advanced tools to genetic/ bioengineering? DEFINITION 5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)DNA sequencingNucleic Acid Blotting (DNA= southern blot, RNA= northern blot) TERM 6 What are the steps in engineering a safe growth hormone? DEFINITION 6 1. Isolate mRNAs from the cells2. Use reverse transcriptase to synthesize a cDNA from each mRNA TERM 7 Can a cloned gene be an altered version of a gene? DEFINITION 7 Yes, it can be a mutant TERM 8 Plasmids DEFINITION 8 Small, circular DNA molecules often found in bacteria. They replicate independently of the chromosome.They can serve as a vector. TERM 9 Vector DEFINITION 9 A vehicle for transferring recombinant genes to a new host TERM 10 What must plasmids have to be a useful cloning vector? DEFINITION 10 An origin of replicationA selectable markerMultiple cloning site (site where insertion of foreign DNA will not disrupt replication or inactive essential markers) TERM 21 Types of Gene Mapping DEFINITION 21 PhysicalLinkageCytogenetic TERM 22 Physical Map DEFINITION 22 An ordered list of DNA sequences along a particular chromosome TERM 23 Linkage Map DEFINITION 23 The actual map of a chromosome based on recombination frequencies TERM 24 Cytogenetic Map DEFINITION 24 Position of genes based on chromosomal features TERM 25 Polymorphism DEFINITION 25 Variations in DNA sequence that are present at a frequency greater than 1% in a populationHave a weak effect or no effect at allAncient and common TERM 26 Mutation DEFINITION 26 Variations in DNA sequence that are present at a frequency lower than 1% in a populationCan produce a gain of function and a loss of functionRecent and Rare TERM 27 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) DEFINITION 27 Single base substitution TERM 28 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) DEFINITION 28 Single base substitution detected by restriction enzymes TERM 29 Gene-disease Association studies DEFINITION 29 Identifying disease susceptibility gene variants is based on the concept of association (Genetic linkage) TERM 30 Gene Therapy DEFINITION 30 The introduction of a gene into affected cells to replace or augment defective copies of the gene with normal alleles TERM 31 Transgenes DEFINITION 31 gene or gene material transferred to anotherorganism via gene engineering TERM 32 Genetically modified organisms DEFINITION 32 An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques TERM 33 Transgenic plants DEFINITION 33 Plants possessing a single or multiple genes, transferred from a different speciesThe aim is to design plants with specific characteristics through artificial insertion of genes from other species