Exam 4, part 1 | PSY 101 - Introductory Psychology, Quizzes of Psychology

Download Exam 4, part 1 | PSY 101 - Introductory Psychology and more Quizzes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Positive symptoms of Schizophrenia DEFINITION 1 Positive Symptoms:-Delusions = False beliefs-Hallucinations = False perceptions- Loosening of associations = Shifts between seemingly unrelated ideas rapidly TERM 2 Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia DEFINITION 2 Negative Symptoms-Blunted Affect = Lack of emotional activity-Anhedonia - show less pleasure-Poverty of speech = Slowed speech, long pauses-Lack of motivation TERM 3 Schizophrenia Treatment DEFINITION 3 Antipsychotics medications-typically only affect positive symptoms TERM 4 Persecution DEFINITION 4 Belief that others are persecuting, spying on, or trying to harm them TERM 5 Reference DEFINITION 5 Belief that objects, events, or other people have particular significance to the, TERM 6 Grandeur DEFINITION 6 Belief that they have great power, knowledge, or talent TERM 7 Identity DEFINITION 7 Belief that they are someone else TERM 8 John Forbes Nash DEFINITION 8 Diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia, eventually hospitalized-won nobel prize in economics TERM 9 Schizophrenia Causes DEFINITION 9 1) Strong genetic component-Genain Quadruplets-Odds of 4 randomly chosen people all having schizophrenia2) Neural Changes-Brain Abnormalities TERM 10 Major Depression DEFINITION 10 Severe symptoms for at least 2 weeks-feelings of sadness- self blame-absence of pleasure**May be accompanied by change in sleep and appetite, difficulty with concentration TERM 21 Generalized Anxiety Disorder DEFINITION 21 1) Diffuse anxiety that is not related to any object or event in particular2) Patient is visibility worried and distracted, may have difficulty concentrating and sleeping3) May affect up to 6% of population4) More common in women than men5) Treatment-Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: reduces maladaptive thought processes-antidepressant-Xanax TERM 22 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) DEFINITION 22 1) Obsessions2) Compulsions3) About 1-2% prevalence rate4) Slightly more common in women5) Treatment-- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy-Antidepressants--Tricyclics-- SSRI's-Often need both therapy TERM 23 Obsessions DEFINITION 23 Recurrent, intrusive worries-fear of contamination TERM 24 Compulsions DEFINITION 24 Specific acts that individual is driven to perform over and over to counteract and control this obsessive worry-Cleaning TERM 25 Compulsive Hoarding DEFINITION 25 1)Unusually strong positive feelings with new items2)Often difficult to use furniture or appliances due to clutter3)Often lose important items due to clutter4)Strong beliefs that items are valuable or useful5)1 in 5 have OCD symptoms6)Pharmacological treatments do not help TERM 26 Dissociative Identity Disorder DEFINITION 26 1) Person creates multiple distinct personalities2) The different personality are often unaware of the others-Dominant personality usually knows of the others3) The identities can vary substantially- gender, age, sexual orientation, dominant language4) Believed that people dissociate from reality because they cannot handle what has hoaxed to them5) Extremely rare .5-1% of population6) More common in women TERM 27 Personality Disorders DEFINITION 27 Typically recognizable in adolescence or early adulthood- most difficult to treat-many sufferers are not even aware of their disorder TERM 28 Antisocial personality disorder DEFINITION 28 1)Patients are often charming but lack empathy2)Crimes are always premeditated3)1-4% population4)More common in men than women5)Differences in Physiological Responses-2 subject groups: sociopaths and normal controls-Told to expect painful shock-Galvanic skin response measured-FINDINGS= Sociopaths show both lower overall response and a small response in anticipation of shock TERM 29 What is Stress? DEFINITION 29 A state of threatened homeostasis TERM 30 Stressor DEFINITION 30 The thing responsible for the imbalance TERM 31 Stress-response DEFINITION 31 The body's response to the imbalance TERM 32 Sources of Stress DEFINITION 32 ChronicEnvironmental TERM 33 General Adaptation Syndrome DEFINITION 33 Alarm PhaseResistance PhaseExhaustion Phase TERM 34 Alarm Phase DEFINITION 34 Body mobilizes resources TERM 35 Resistance Phase DEFINITION 35 Activation of response systems and reestablishment of homeostasis TERM 46 Factors Affecting Stress Response (Genetics) DEFINITION 46 Lewis rats bred for stress reactivity-SSN genes exhibit lower levels of cortisol TERM 47 Factors Affecting Stress Response (Prenatal Environment) DEFINITION 47 Mother rats restrained during last 2 weeks of pregnancy- Effect on male pups: masculinization testosterone surge occurs earlier; improper masculinization of brain-Effect on female pups: none-Effects on both: sensitized pups' stress response TERM 48 Factors Affecting Stress Response (Postnatal environment) DEFINITION 48 Pups removed from mother for short periods- Effect on mother: increased licking ofoffspring- Effect on pups: improved response to stress- Stress Immunization TERM 49 Factors Affecting Stress Response (Predictability) DEFINITION 49 Being able to predict stress helps with stress response TERM 50 Factors Affecting Stress Response (Control) DEFINITION 50 Being able to control stress helps with stress response TERM 51 Short term stress vs chronic stress DEFINITION 51 Short term- Boosts immune systemChronic- Weakens immune system TERM 52 Lymphocytes DEFINITION 52 -White blood cells that make up the immune system TERM 53 B cells DEFINITION 53 Specific invaders, making for easier identification in the future-You have lifelong immunity to some diseases once you have been exposed to TERM 54 T cells DEFINITION 54 Attack intruders directly and increase the strength of the immune response TERM 55 Natural Killer Cells DEFINITION 55 kill viruses and help attack tumors TERM 56 Why does stress affect immune function? DEFINITION 56 -Stressors decrease the ability of white blood cells and natural killer cells to fight off infection-Those who tend to be particularly anxious tend to be especially vulnerable TERM 57 Type A Behavior Pattern DEFINITION 57 Stronger predictor of heart disease-Competative, aggressive, inability to relaxHOSTILITY-more likely to die at early age TERM 58 Type B Behavior Pattern DEFINITION 58 RelaxedEasygoingnoncompetative TERM 59 3 ways of Causing heart problems DEFINITION 59 1)poor coping behaviors that are bad for health2)negative personality traits with negative effects on social networks and social support3)direct physiological effects on the heart due to negative personality traits and stress TERM 60 Stress can decreases/increase blood flow by making blood vessels more/less able to dilate DEFINITION 60 DecreaseLess***Causes wear and tear over time TERM 71 Social Norms DEFINITION 71 Shared expectations for how people should act TERM 72 Social Roles DEFINITION 72 A set of norms for how a person in a social situation ought to act TERM 73 Social Facilitation DEFINITION 73 Presence of others can facilitate performance and alter performance-amount of food consumed during a meal- Athletic performance-Group size can affect survival rates in termites TERM 74 Conformity DEFINITION 74 A Change in attitude or behavior in response to a group TERM 75 Normative Social Influences DEFINITION 75 The need for approval or acceptance-go along with what the group does TERM 76 Informational Social Influences DEFINITION 76 New to a situation, look to others to know what to do TERM 77 Asch- Line Judging task DEFINITION 77 6-8 confederatesSay out loud which line is correct75% conformed at least once**People will conform to groups even when it is wrong TERM 78 What affects conformity? DEFINITION 78 Group size:large group-easier to conformPresence of a dissenter-if one person dissents conformity drops TERM 79 Obedience DEFINITION 79 Compliance to orders of authority TERM 80 MIlgram's Obedience Study DEFINITION 80 Person is asked to deliver shocks to a learner when the learner makes mistakes in a testShock ranges from 15-450 volts100% went to 300 volts66% continued past that and went to 450 volts TERM 81 Factors influencing obedience DEFINITION 81 Remoteness of the victimCloseness of the authority figurePrestige of the investigatorOther individualsDemographic factors are not related TERM 82 Diffusion of responsibility DEFINITION 82 People assume that "it" is the other person's responsibility TERM 83 Deindividualization DEFINITION 83 People sometimes lost their individuality when they become part of a group TERM 84 Social Loafing DEFINITION 84 People work less hard in a group when no one's efforts are identified TERM 85 Influence of group roles DEFINITION 85 In each social group, there are specific roles which prescribe particular behaviors TERM 96 Evaluations of identical resumes, except for race, gender3 DEFINITION 96 RACE:AA sounding names had to send 15, white 10# of callbacks for white names corresponded to 8 years of experienceGENDER:University preferred to hire "Brian" over "KarenReservations were expressed four times more often when name was female TERM 97 Fundamental Attribution Error DEFINITION 97 When judging another person's behavior, we often attribute that behavior to internal, dispositional factors while ignoring situational (External) factors TERM 98 Chatman & von Hippel DEFINITION 98 Asked to read a job app and explain why that person was fired from his/her last jobRESULTS:-AA participants--- Situational attributions for AA Applicant---Dispositional attributions for White applicant-White Participants---Situation attributions for white applicant---Dispositional attributions for AA applicant TERM 99 Implicit Attitudes DEFINITION 99 Implicit knowledge of cultural stereotypes can affect behavior TERM 100 Implicit Association Test (IAT) DEFINITION 100 1) Measures strength of automatic association between specific components2) Implicit attitudes affect behavior even if individual does NOT endorse the stereotype TERM 101 Delay of gratification DEFINITION 101 example; 1 marshmallow now, or wait and get 2 marshmallows-predicts higher SAT scores-Greater academic and social competence, better tolerance of frustrations TERM 102 Eysenck's Optimal Arousal Theory DEFINITION 102 -People differ in their natural level of arousal-Moderate level of arousal is pleasant and we seek this TERM 103 Extroverts arousal DEFINITION 103 low arousal ----> seek sensation TERM 104 Introverts arousal DEFINITION 104 High arousal ----> avoid sensation TERM 105 Accuracy of First Impression Ratings DEFINITION 105 Some information available very quickly-accuracy differs across personality traits