Terms and Definitions: Family, Education, Religion, Social Change, and More, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Download Terms and Definitions: Family, Education, Religion, Social Change, and More and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Family of Marriage DEFINITION 1 Established upon marriage. The marriage ceremony signifies that it is legal for a couple to have offspring and to give the children a family name TERM 2 Family of orientation DEFINITION 2 The family a person is born into, or the family of birth TERM 3 Nuclear family DEFINITION 3 The smallest group of individuals that can legitimately be called a family, generally composed of a mother, father, and children TERM 4 Extended family DEFINITION 4 Consists of two or more adult generations of the same family whole members share economic resources and live in a common household TERM 5 Patrilineal DEFINITION 5 Descent and inheritance are passed from the father to his male descendents TERM 6 Matrilineal DEFINITION 6 Descent and inheritance are passed from the mother to her female descendents TERM 7 Exogamy DEFINITION 7 refers to mate selection norms requiring individuals to marry someone outside their kind (they have to marry outside of their family name) TERM 8 Endogamy DEFINITION 8 Involves mate selection norms that require (or at least encourage) individuals to marry within their own kind. (Same race, ethnicity, religion, and/or social class) TERM 9 Homogamy DEFINITION 9 Refers to the tendency to marry someone similar to oneself based on personal preference (same age, educational background, degree of physical attractiveness, share interest, or religious commitment) TERM 10 Heterogamy DEFINITION 10 Partners are dissimilar with respect to some important social characteristics. (different race and ethnicity) TERM 21 What is the purpose of schools? DEFINITION 21 To teach our kids basic American knowledgesocial control TERM 22 Bureaucracy in Education DEFINITION 22 There are people that are assigned different jobs in a school much like factories.Education for large numbers of students is moreefficientwhen students are homogeneous in development and ability TERM 23 Open classroom DEFINITION 23 Anon bureaucraticapproach to education based on democratic relationships, flexibility, and non-competitiveness TERM 24 Cooperative learning DEFINITION 24 Takes place in anon bureaucraticclassroom structure in which students study in groups, with teachers acting as guides rather than as the controlling agent TERM 25 Integrative curriculum DEFINITION 25 Anotherextensionof the open classroom, is an approach to education based on student-teacher collaboration TERM 26 Charter schools DEFINITION 26 Publicly funded schools operated like private schools by public schoolteachers and administrators TERM 27 Magnet Schools DEFINITION 27 Public schools that attempt to achieve excellence by specializing in a particular area TERM 28 For-profit schools DEFINITION 28 Supported by government funds but run by private, profit- seeking companies, are proposed as a superior alternative to the traditions public schools TERM 29 Homeschooling DEFINITION 29 An alternative to either public or private schools.Motivation for homeschooling involves parental concern about things such as safety, drugs, and peer pressure in the school environment TERM 30 Meritocracy DEFINITION 30 Social status is based on ability and achievement rather than social class or parental status TERM 31 Educational equality DEFINITION 31 Exists when schooling produces the same results for lower- class and minority children as it does for other children TERM 32 Cognitive ability DEFINITION 32 The capacity for thinking abstractly.This is the technical term for intellegence TERM 33 Cultural bias DEFINITION 33 An unfair measure of cognitive abilities for people in certain social categories TERM 34 hidden curriculum DEFINITION 34 Transmit to children a variety of nonacademic values, norms, beliefs, and attitudes.Teaches children skills such as discipline, order, cooperativeness, and conformity TERM 35 Economy DEFINITION 35 The institution that carries out the production anddistributionof goods and services TERM 46 Democracy DEFINITION 46 A system of elected officials responsible for fulfilling majority wishes TERM 47 Totalitarianism DEFINITION 47 The type of political system in which a ruler with absolute power attempts to control all aspects of social life TERM 48 Authoritarianism DEFINITION 48 A political system controlled by nonelected rulers who generally permit some degree of individual freedom TERM 49 Pluralism DEFINITION 49 Decision making is the result of competition bargaining, and compromise among diverse special interest groups.No one group holds the majority of power TERM 50 Elitism DEFINITION 50 The theory of power distribution that sees society in the control of a relatively few individuals and organizations TERM 51 Power elite DEFINITION 51 A unified coalition of top military, corporate and government leaders TERM 52 Capitialism DEFINITION 52 An economic system, founded on two assumptions: the sanctity of private property and the right on individuals to profit from their labor TERM 53 Socialism DEFINITION 53 Production is owned by the people and the economy is controlled by the government TERM 54 monopoly DEFINITION 54 A single company controlling a particular market TERM 55 Oligopoly DEFINITION 55 A combination of companies controlling a market TERM 56 Globalization DEFINITION 56 The process by which crumbling geographical barriers permit members of different societies to become aware of increasingly similar economic, political, and social arrangments TERM 57 multinational corporations DEFINITION 57 Firms in highly industrialized societies with operating facilities throughout the world TERM 58 Primary sector DEFINITION 58 Depends on the natural environment to produce economic goods TERM 59 Secondary sector DEFINITION 59 Manufactures products from raw materials TERM 60 Tertiary sector DEFINITION 60 Provides services TERM 71 civil religion DEFINITION 71 The public religion that expresses a strong tie between a deity and a cultureBroad enough to encompass almost the entire nation TERM 72 invisible religion DEFINITION 72 A private religion that issubstitutedfor formal religious organizations, practices, and beliefs TERM 73 Fundamentalism DEFINITION 73 The rejection of secularization and the adherence to traditional religious beliefs, rituals, and doctrines TERM 74 Health care system DEFINITION 74 Embraces the professional services, organizations, training academies, and technological resources committed to the treatment, management, and prevention of disease TERM 75 Sick role DEFINITION 75 A confluence of appropriate behavior patterns for people who are ill TERM 76 age cohort DEFINITION 76 Consists of persons born during the same time period in a particular populationBaby boomers TERM 77 Age structure DEFINITION 77 The distribution of people of different ages within a society TERM 78 Population pyramids DEFINITION 78 Graphic representations of the age and sex compositions of populations TERM 79 Dependency ratio DEFINITION 79 The proportion of persons in the dependent ages in relation to those in the economically active ages TERM 80 Age stratification DEFINITION 80 The unequal distribution of scarcedesirablesbased onchronologicalage TERM 81 ageism DEFINITION 81 A set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, and values used to justify age-based prejudice and discrimination TERM 82 stereotypes DEFINITION 82 Ideas based on distortion, exaggeration, and oversimplification and applied to all members of a social category TERM 83 Sport subcultures DEFINITION 83 within the larger context of sport that have their own distinct roles, values, and norms.Organized around a sport activity, and beliefs vary widely TERM 84 stacking DEFINITION 84 Assigning players to less central positions on the basis or race or ethnicity TERM 85 Social change DEFINITION 85 societal alterations with long-term and relatively important consequences TERM 96 Evolutionary perspective DEFINITION 96 Societies are constantly moving toward improvement TERM 97 Cultural lag DEFINITION 97 Disequilibrium is caused by one segment of a society failing to change at the same rate as an interrelated segment TERM 98 Collective behavior DEFINITION 98 The relatively spontaneous and unstructured social behavior of people who are responding to similar stimuli TERM 99 urban legends DEFINITION 99 May incorporate current rumors, they tend to have a longer life and wider acceptance TERM 100 rumor DEFINITION 100 A widely circulating story of questionable truth TERM 101 mass hysteria DEFINITION 101 Collective anxiety created by the acceptance of one or more false beliefs TERM 102 panic DEFINITION 102 Occurs when people react to a real threat in fearful, anxious, and often self-damaging ways TERM 103 fads DEFINITION 103 unusual behavior patterns that spread rapidly, appeal to a particular segment of society, and then disappear after a short time TERM 104 craze DEFINITION 104 A type of fad that can have serious consequences for it adopters TERM 105 Fashions DEFINITION 105 Behavior patterns that evolve over time and receive wide approval, but change periodically TERM 106 crowd DEFINITION 106 A temporary collection of people who share an immediate common interest TERM 107 mob DEFINITION 107 An emotionally stimulated, disorderly crowd that is ready to use destructiveness and violence to achieve specific purpose TERM 108 riots DEFINITION 108 The episodes of crowd destructiveness and violence TERM 109 casual crowds DEFINITION 109 Least organizaed, least emotion, and most temporary TERM 110 Conventional crowds DEFINITION 110 Has a specific purpose and follows accepted guidelines