Male and Female Reproductive Systems: Anatomy and Physiology, Exams of Nursing

Download Male and Female Reproductive Systems: Anatomy and Physiology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Exam 6 chapter 28 Questions and answers 2024 Prophase 1 (28s2)\ correct answers✅Crossing over happens, portions of 1 chromatid exchanged with portions of another to allow genetic recombination Gonads (28s7)\ correct answers✅Testes, produces sperm and secretes hormones System of ducts (28s7)\ correct answers✅Transport and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, and conveys them to exterior. Epididymis, ductus vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra. Accessory sex glands (28s7)\ correct answers✅Adds secretion to semen. Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands Supporting structures (28s7)\ correct answers✅Scrotum supports testes, and penis delivers sperm into female reproductive tract. Scrotum (28s9)\ correct answers✅Supporting structure for testes Scrotal septum Associated with each testis is the creamaster muscle (skeletal muscle) Normal sperm production requires a temperature 2-3 C below core body temperature Creamaster muscle contracts or relaxes scrotal septum (28s9)\ correct answers✅internally divides scrotum into two sacs, each with a single testis Testes or testicles (28s11)\ correct answers✅Paired oval glands in the scrotum What does each testes or testicle contain and what does it produce (28s11)\ correct answers✅Seminiferous tubules, sperm produced here through spermatogenesis Spermatogenic cells (28s12)\ correct answers✅Sperm forming cells Spermatogonia develop from primordial germ cell Primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm cells, released into lumen. Sertoli cells (28s12)\ correct answers✅Support cells, nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm, 2 phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm, 3 control movements of spermatogenic cells, 4 release sperm into lumen, produce fluid for sperm transport, 5 secrete inhibit to regulate effects of testosterone and folic stimulating hormone Leydig (interstitial) cells (28s12)\ correct answers✅found in spaces between seminiferous tubules; secrete testosterone Spermatogenesis (28s13,14)\ correct answers✅Takes 65-75 days Begins with spermatogonia diploid 2n Primary spermatocytes diploid 2n Secondary spermatocytes 1n Spermatids 1n Mature sperm 1n Free sperm 1n spermatognia (28s13)\ correct answers✅Stem undergoes mitosis to replace themselves and some continue development Primary spermatocytes (28s13)\ correct answers✅Each duplicates dna and meiosis 1 begins to make Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 to make Spermatids: 4 haploid cells at the end of meiosis 2 Spermatogenesis (28s13)\ correct answers✅Development o spermaids into sperm Spherical spermatids transform into elongated sperm Acrosome and flagella form, mitochondria multiply Spermiation (28s13)\ correct answers✅Release of a sperm from its connections to Sertoli cells Sperm (28s16)\ correct answers✅Each day about 400 million sperm complete spermatogenesis Once ejaculated sperm doesn't survive after 48 hours in female reproductive tract Sperm head (28s16)\ correct answers✅Nucleus with 23 chromosomes Prostate (28s23)\ correct answers✅About 25% of semen volume (on exam) Milky (cloudy), slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid (energy), several proteolytic enzymes (prostate specific antigen and acid phosphate to reliquify coagulated semen) seminalplasmin (antibiotic) bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) (28s23)\ correct answers✅15% of semen volume (on exam) Secrete alkaline fluid that protects passing sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra Mucus lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra Semen (28s24)\ correct answers✅Mixture of sperm and seminal fluid Slightly alkaline ph 7.2-7.7 due to seminal vesicle secretions Provides transport medium, nutrients and protection Coagulates after ejaculation due to clotting protein (semenogelin) Penis (28s24)\ correct answers✅Contains urethra Passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine Glans penis Erection Ejaculation Glans penis (28s23)\ correct answers✅Acorn of penis is expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum Terminal opening is external urethral orifice Prepuce covers glans in uncircumcised men Erection (28s24)\ correct answers✅Parasympathetic fibers release and cause local production of nitric oxide causing smooth muscle in arteriole to relax and dilate allowing large amounts of blood to enter penis ejaculation (28s24)\ correct answers✅The propulsion of semen from urethra to exterior Under control of the sympathetic nervous system) (on exam) Female reproductive system (28s25)\ correct answers✅Gonands (ovaries) Uterine (fallopian) tubes or oviducts) Uterus Vagina Mammary glands Ovaries (28s27)\ correct answers✅Paired glands homologous to the testes Produce gametes: secondary oocytes or mature ova Hormone including progesterone, estrogen, inhibin and relaxation Ovarian ligament (28s27)\ correct answers✅Anchors ovaries to uterus Suspensory ligament (28s27)\ correct answers✅Attaches ovaries to pelvic wall cremaster contraction (28s9)\ correct answers✅brings testis closer to pelvic cavity or warmer temperature cremaster relaxation (28s9)\ correct answers✅pushes testis farther from pelvic cavity for cooler temperature histology of ovary (28s28)\ correct answers✅germinal epithelium tunica albunginea ovarian medulla germinal epithelium of ovary (28s28)\ correct answers✅covers surface of ovary doesnt give rise to ova ovarian cortex (28s28)\ correct answers✅contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves ovarian follicle (28s28)\ correct answers✅in cortex consists of oocytes in various stages of development mature (graafian) follicle (28s28)\ correct answers✅large, fluid-filled follicle ready to expel secondary oocyte during ovulation corpus luteum (yellow body) (28s28)\ correct answers✅remnants of mature follicle after ovulation produces progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin until it degenerates into corpus albicans (white body) Uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts) (28s30)\ correct answers✅provide a route for sperm to reach an ovum transport secondary oocytes from ovaries to uterus infundibulum ends in finger like fimbriae (fringe) produce currents to sweep secondary oocyte in Uterus histology layers (28s32)\ correct answers✅perimetrium myometrium endometrium perimetrium of uterus (28s32)\ correct answers✅outer layer; part of the visceral peritoneum myometrium of uterus (28s32)\ correct answers✅3 layers of smooth muscle Contractions in response to oxytocin from posterior pituitary endometrium of uterus (28s32)\ correct answers✅inner layer, highly vascularized, implantation of egg • Stratum functionalis- lines cavity, sloughs off during menstruation • Stratum basalis- permanent, gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation stratum functionalis (28s32)\ correct answers✅lines cavity, sloughs off during menstruation Stratum basalis (28s32)\ correct answers✅permanent, gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation uterus (cervical mucus) (28s32)\ correct answers✅produced by secretory cells of cervix mucosa water, glycoprotein, lipids, enzymes, and inorganic salts more hospitable to sperm near ovulation- thinner more alkaline Cells deprived of oxygen begin to die Only stratum basilis remains (to re build) Preovulaory phase profilrtative (28s43)\ correct answers✅Last from days 6 to 13 and a 28 day cycle Time between menstruation and ovulation Pre-ovulatory phase profilerative events in ovaries (28s43)\ correct answers✅Normally one dominant follicle becomes the mature follicle Also endometrial repair occurs stratum basalis starts building a new stratum functionalis Pre-ovulatory phase events in uterus (28s44)\ correct answers✅Estrogen stimulate repair of endometrium Cells of stratum basalis undergo mitosis to form new stratum functionalis Thickness of endometrium doubles In the uterine cycle prevovulatory phase is the proliferative phase because endometrium is proliferating which is an increase in number of cells Ovulation (28s45) LH hormone triggers this\ correct answers✅Rupture of mature follicle and release of secondary oocyte Usually day 14 of 28 day cycle postovulatory phase secretory (28s46)\ correct answers✅Lasts for 14 days in 28 day cycle days 15 to 28 Postovulatory phase events in 1 ovary (28s46)\ correct answers✅After ovulation mature follicle collapses to form corpus luteum (yellow body) under the influence of LH Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin In the ovarian cycle, this is the luteal phase corpus luteum (28s47)\ correct answers✅If oocyte isn't fertilized, corpus luteum lasts 2 weeks If oocyte is fertilized corpus luteum lasts more than 2 weeks Not fertilized oocyte (28s47)\ correct answers✅Degenerated to corpus albicans As levels of progesterone, estrogens and inhibin decrease Follicular growth resume as new ovarian cycle begins fertilized oocyte (28s47)\ correct answers✅Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) produced by chorion of embryo about 8 days after fertilization stimulates corpus luteum Events in uterus (28s48)\ correct answers✅ Tunica albuginea (28s28)\ correct answers✅Basement membrane (connective tissue)