Exam (elaborations) LETRS Unit 2 Final Assessment 2022 Questions And Answers, Exams of Nursing

Download Exam (elaborations) LETRS Unit 2 Final Assessment 2022 Questions And Answers and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! LETRS Unit 1 | 65 Questions And Answers Why did the National Institute of Health and Human Development classify reading difficulties as a major health concern? Correct Ans ➡ The inability to read well is associated with social ills such as dropping out of school, delinquency, inadequate health care, unwanted pregnancy, and chronic underemployment. They cannot read prescription bottles, but can still open them, cant read road signs, and cant read the instruction on anything. Discuss the types of writing systems in the world. (Pictogram, logograph, syllabic symbols, and alphabetic symbols). How do they differ? How are they the same? Correct Ans ➡ Pictograms- directly represent meaning, hieroglyphics. Logographs-abstractly represent meaning, not sound, Chinese radicals. Syllabic symbols-directly represent whole syllables, Cherokee. Alphabetic symbols-represent consonants and vowels, or individual phonemes, Greek or Russian. What is morphophonemic language? Why is it more difficult to learn it? Correct Ans ➡ Morphology is the study of meaningful units in a language and how the units are combined in word formation. Nat- is a root. Nature is a noun; natural is an adjective; naturalist is a noun; naturally is an adverb. This also means that it is a "deep" alphabetic writing system organized by both letter-sound correspondences and morphology. How do oral language and written language differ? Correct Ans ➡ Speaking is natural, reading and writing are not. Spoken language is "hard-wired" inside the human brain. Oral language is the foundational skill for later reading and writing. Discuss the terms phoneme, morpheme, and grapheme giving examples of each..? Correct Ans ➡ Phoneme-units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another (p,b,d, and t in English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.) Morpheme-unit of language that cannot be further divided (in, come, - ing, forming incoming.) Grapheme-a unit (as a letter or digraph) of a writing system. What is the three cueing system? Correct Ans ➡ Model that proposed that word recognition depended on three systems of linguistic cues that reside in a text. (1) a graphophonic (visual) system; (2) a semantic (meaning) system; and (3) a syntactic system that provides linguistic context to process words in sentences. This model overemphasizes the usefulness of context and meaning in word recognition. It fosters dependence on pictures, prereading rehearsal, and context to figure out words. What are Chall's reading stages? Why is it an important item to consider? Correct Ans ➡ The reading stages of Chall are still useful in understanding how the challenges of learning and teaching reading change over time. Exposure to text and reading practice are critical in moving the growth process along. Stages are: Prereading, Initial Reading or Alphabetic Decoding, Confirmation and Fluency, Reading to Learn, Multiple Points of View, Construction and Reconstruction. What are Ehri's phases of reading and spelling development? Why is it important to understand these phases? Correct Ans ➡ Widely referenced because their description rests on multiple experiments conducted over many years that have been replicated by other researchers. The ability to recognize many words "by sight" during fluent reading rests on the ability to map phonemes to graphemes or to master the alphabetic principle. The phases are: Prealphabetic (incidental visual cues, symbols), Early Alphabetic (letter knowledge and partial phoneme awareness), Later Alphabetic (early sight-word learning, phoneme-grapheme correspondence, and complete phoneme awareness), and Considering the Simple View of Reading, what would be the BEST course of action for a third-grade teacher with concerns about several students who have not achieved fluency? a. Observe whether students are able to work on several subskills at once. b. Verify that students have been engaged in independent reading at home for 20 minutes every day. c. Increase demand on students to improve their passage reading rate. d. Determine if the students need remediation in word recognition, language comprehension, or both. Correct Ans ➡ d. Determine if the students need remediation in word recognition, language comprehension, or both. In any first-grade classroom in a typical school in the United States, approximately one-third of students are likely to score in the "basic" or "below basic" range. The largest proportion of those students is likely to show which characteristics? a. primary difficulties with phonology, decoding, and word recognition b. primary difficulties with phonology only c. primary difficulties with automatic word recognition only d. primary difficulties with language comprehension only Correct Ans ➡ a. primary difficulties with phonology, decoding, and word recognition Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to an effective implementation of a multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS)? a. It is possible for 95 percent of kindergarten students to meet benchmark by the end of the year. b. Reading problems can be treated as easily in third grade as in first grade. c. Progress-monitoring assessments should be brief, curriculum based, and economical. d. Students can learn to read even if there is little help available at home. Correct Ans ➡ b. Reading problems can be treated as easily in third grade as in first grade. . One important goal of beginning reading instruction is the development of a sight vocabulary that enables the student to recognize a word instantly, without having to decode it. What types of words should make up a student's sight word vocabulary? a. phonetically irregular words b. both regular and irregular words c. phonetically regular words d. high-frequency words Correct Ans ➡ b. both regular and irregular words What is the value of data provided by screening measures? a. They can demonstrate the reliability of test results on repeated administrations. b. They can predict which students are at long-term risk for reading failure. c. They can determine which students need a referral to special education. d. They can contribute to teacher evaluations. Correct Ans ➡ b. They can predict which students are at long-term risk for reading failure. In comparison to other alphabetic languages, what feature of the English writing system makes English more difficult for young students to read and spell? a. It is syllabic. b. It is morphophonemic. c. It is a shallow orthography. d. It is phonetically transparent. Correct Ans ➡ b. It is morphophonemic. A second-grade teacher, in preparation for reading a new text about honeybees, asks the students to brainstorm all the meanings they know for the word comb. The teacher is primarily focusing on which language system? a. phonology b. semantics c. orthography d. morphology Correct Ans ➡ b. semantics Experiments that use modern eye-movement technology to investigate what the eye "sees" when a proficient reader scans and comprehends a text have made what important discovery? a. Good readers skim a text, perceiving just a few letters. b. Good readers are dependent on context to identify words. c. Skilled readers perceive all letters when they read. d. The perceptual span of a good reader is triple that of a poor reader. Correct Ans ➡ c. Skilled readers perceive all letters when they read. The inability to read well is associated with Correct Ans ➡ Lower levels of adult educational attainment in lower income levels, which intern are associated with social ills such as dropping out of school, reduce access to healthcare, and unwanted teen pregnancy. Informed teachers are our best assurance against Reading failure. Correct Ans ➡ Well programs are very helpful tools, programs don't teach; teachers do. Phonemic Awareness Correct Ans ➡ The conscious awareness of the individual speech SOUNDS (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds. Can be done in the dark you don't need light to hear sounds Phonemic Awareness includes the ability to: A. Form compound words and combine word parts B. Spell accurately and decode unfamiliar words C. Pronounce individual sounds in words D. Differentiate between Homonyms and spell actually Correct Ans ➡ C. Pronounce individual sounds in words A teacher is helping students understand rhyme in words. She uses words like sound, sound, hound, and round. She and the students are working on a lesson that focuses on: A word in one language that shares a common ancestor and common meaning with the word in another language. Many Spanish words, such as Problema or diagramma, are cognates that are built around the same Latin and Greek prefixes, suffixes, or route the English word also employ. Metalinguistic awareness Correct Ans ➡ The ability to focus attention on language and reflect upon its nature, structure, and functions. The ability to think about and reflect on the structure of language itself. The invention of the alphabet was an achievement and mentalinguistic awareness. Word recognition, or the accurate and fast retrieval of decoding words forms, Correct Ans ➡ Is essential for the development of reading comprehension. Language comprehension, the other major domain and which reading depends Correct Ans ➡ Refers to listening comprehension or the linguistic processes involved in the comprehension of oral language. Decoding Correct Ans ➡ The ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge of sound symbol correspondences; also the act of deciphering a new word by sounding it out. Discourse Correct Ans ➡ Written or spoken communication "or the exchange" of information and ideas, usually longer than a sentence, between individuals or between the writer and the reader. Listening comprehension may exceed reading comprehension, but the reverse is not true. Correct Ans ➡ One cannot understand by reading what One cannot understand by listening. Orthographic mapping Correct Ans ➡ The mental process used to store words for immediate and effortless retrieval. It requires phonemic awareness, letter-sound knowledge, and the mechanism for sight word learning. The Four-Part processing model reminds us that Correct Ans ➡ Instruction should aim to educate all of the processing systems and enable them to work together. Useful because it suggests the various ways in which reading problems may develop, and why reading instruction should deliberately target several kinds of skills. The Four-Part processing model Correct Ans ➡ 1. Context 2. Meaning 3. Orthographic 4. Phonological The phonological processing system, which encompasses several areas in our brain, enables us to Correct Ans ➡ Perceive, remember, interpret, and produce the speech-sound System of our own language and learn the sound of other languages. Lexicon Correct Ans ➡ The name for the mental dictionary in every persons phonological processing system. Grapheme Correct Ans ➡ A written representation of a sound using one or more letters. A letter or letter combination that spells a phoneme; can be one, two, three, or four letters in English (e.g., e, ei, igh, eigh). The orthographic processing system encompasses several functions related to recognition and recall a written language symbols.. Correct Ans ➡ This system is wired into the left hemisphere and the language- processing side of the brain. It does not perform other visual functions, such as object or face recognition. Automaticity Correct Ans ➡ The ability to read quickly and accurately without conscious effort. Phoneme-grapheme mapping Correct Ans ➡ The matching phonemes (sounds) in words with the graphemes (letters) that represent them. Alphabetic principle Correct Ans ➡ The concept the letters are used to represent individual phonemes and the spoken word; insight into this principle is critical for learning to read and spell. Sight Vocabulary Correct Ans ➡ A student bank of words that are instantly and effortlessly recognized; includes both regular spelled in irregular spelled words. Single and double deficient Correct Ans ➡ Single deficient refers to a prominent and specific weakness in either phonological or naming speed processing. Double deficient refers to a combination of phonological and naming speed deficient. Non-referenced test Correct Ans ➡ Refers to standardize tests that are designed to compare and rank test takers in relation to each other Screening measures are used to Correct Ans ➡ Predict who is most likely to pass high stakes outcome Tests is given at the end of each grade. Screening is an exercise in narrowing probability so that better instruction decisions can be made and explicit teaching can be intensified it for those who need it most. Benchmark Correct Ans ➡ A standard or a set of standards used as a threshold for predicting future risk for reading difficulty. Process monitoring assessments are used to Correct Ans ➡ Determine whether a given instructional program or approach is working to bring the child closer to a target on French Park level of reading skills Diagnostic service should be used to Correct Ans ➡ Inform instruction and related aspects of treatment for a handicapping condition or disorder as appropriate Reliable measure Correct Ans ➡ A Measure that it's likely to yield the same results if they were to be given several times on the same day in the same context. Valid measure Correct Ans ➡ A measure that is relevant or appropriate as a representation of that property. A measure that measures what was intended (construct validity); corresponds world to other known, valid measures (concurrent validity); and predicts with good accuracy how students are likely to perform on an accountability measure (predictive validity). Curriculum based measurements Correct Ans ➡ frequent measurement comparing a student's actual progress with an expected rate of progress Standardize measurements that access content that students should master by the end of the grade level that the measurement represents; requires standard administration and scoring.