Understanding Prevention, Insurance & Healthcare: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Prevention, Quizzes of Health sciences

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TERM 1 Primary Prevention DEFINITION 1 Prevention of disease or injury by reducing exposure to a risk factor that may lead to disease or injury TERM 2 Secondary Prevention DEFINITION 2 Early detection and prompt treatment of disease TERM 3 Tertiary Prevention DEFINITION 3 Takes place once a disease has advanced; involves alleviating pain, providing comfort, halting progression and limiting disability that may result TERM 4 Prevalence DEFINITION 4 Total number of people affected by a given condition at a point in time or during a period of time# cases/ population at risk TERM 5 Incidence DEFINITION 5 New cases of a condition that occur in a certain time periodShows risk of getting a disease# new cases/ population at risk TERM 6 Major Behavioral and Environmental Risk Factors DEFINITION 6 HYPERTENSIONAlcohol consumption, high cholesterol, indoor smoke from solid fuels, iron deficiency, obesity, tobacco consumption, underweight, unsafe sexUnsafe water, hygiene and sanitation TERM 7 Social Determinants of Health DEFINITION 7 Social gradient, stress, early life, social exclusion, work, unemployment, social support, addictions, food, neighborhoods, transportation TERM 8 Natural Stress Response DEFINITION 8 "Fight or flight" responseAdrenaline is released- Increases HR and blood pressure, boosts energyCortisol release- Increases blood sugar, enhances brain use of glucose and increases availability of substances that repair tissues- Curbs functions that would be nonessential in response Immune, digestive and reproductive systems TERM 9 Whitehall Study DEFINITION 9 1970sLarge study of British civil servantsConventional wisdom= business execs had high rates of MIs but they found the oppositeThe more prominent your job was, the more control you had and less stress TERM 10 Social Exclusion DEFINITION 10 Results from:- Racism, discrimination, stigmatization, hostility and unemploymentPrevent people from participating in societyPsychologically damagingCostly and harmful to health TERM 21 HMO DEFINITION 21 Health Maintenance Organization- Managed care plan- Patient pays same premium each month- Low co-payments and deductibles- PCP as gatekeeper- Need referrals for specialist care- Usually cheapest option for employer- sponsored health insurance- Out of network care is much more expensive TERM 22 HDHP DEFINITION 22 High Deductible Health Plan- Usually paired with a health savings account- High deductible- Gives patients flexibility and choice over how health care benefits are used- Better choice for people with no health issues and who have enough money available for deductible TERM 23 PPO DEFINITION 23 Preferred Provider Organization- Managed care plan- NO referrals- Out of network care is more expensive- Low deductibles and co-payments- Slightly more expensive than HMO- Better choice for people with health issues TERM 24 Individual Coverage DEFINITION 24 - Can be very expensive- Costs vary depending on health history- PAtients can be denied coverage due to preexisting conditions TERM 25 Uninsured DEFINITION 25 - 45.7 million Americans- More likely to have poorer health- At significant financial risk if sick or need emergency medical care- Pay more for health care because managed care is not negotiating the price- More likely to delay care due to cost~18% of non elderly Americans are uninsured TERM 26 Medicaid DEFINITION 26 - Covers 52 million Americans- Jointly administered by federal and state governments that provide health insurance for low-income Americans with OTHER qualifying conditions Child, pregnant, disabled, elderly, parent - Guaranteed for those that meet criteria- "Churning" disrupts coverage and care- Varies state-to-state- Many private doctors do NOT accept TERM 27 Health Care Costs in US are High DEFINITION 27 - Drugs and devices- Defensive medicine- Administrative costs- MArket driven health care- PAtient demands and physician-related demands TERM 28 Beveridge Model DEFINITION 28 - Healthcare provided and financed by government through tax payments- Hospitals and clinics owned by government and some doctors are government employees- Some private doctors who collect fees form government- Low costs per capitaEngland, Spain, New Zealand, Cuba and most of Scandinavia TERM 29 Bismarck Model DEFINITION 29 - Uses insurance system financed by employers and employees Through payroll deduction Insurers called "sickness funds" - Health insurance plans HAVE to cover everybody and NO profit- Doctors and hospitals tend to be private- Multi payer model (different funds) Tight regulation gives government most cost-control Germany, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Japan and Switzerland TERM 30 National Health Insurance Model DEFINITION 30 - Elements of Beveridge and Bismarck Models- Uses private-sector doctors but they are paid through governemtn-run insurance program that EVERY citizen pays into- Cheaper and simpler administratively than US insurance- Single payer has market power to negotiate for lower prices Ex. pharmaceutical drugs in Canada Canada, Taiwan and South Korea TERM 31 Out-of-Pocket Model DEFINITION 31 - Only 40 out of the 200 countries in the worl have established healthcare systems- Rich get medical care; poor stay sick or die TERM 32 Why did US take on healthcare reform? DEFINITION 32 - Not all individuals have access to high quality, affordable care- Not all businesses offer it- People with pre-existing conditions- Individuals who are poor or sick find it particularly difficult to access healthcare- Parts of the US healthcare system are NOT functioning well Docs not rewarded for healthy patients Fragmented system due to so many companies Records are not translated between docs (uncoordinated) TERM 33 Women's Preventive Services DEFINITION 33 - Breastfeeding support, supplies and counseling- Screening and counseling for interpersonal/ domestic violence- Screening for gestational diabetes- DNA testing for high-risk strains of HPV- Counseling regarding STIs (HIV)- Screening for HIV- Contraceptive methods and counseling- Well woman visitsBEGAN AUGUST 1ST TERM 34 Abortion Coverage DEFINITION 34 - Hyde Amendment prohibits federal funds for abortion except in cases of rape, incest or danger to life of mother- Cannot be an essential benefit- States must offer one plan without abortion coverage- Plans in the exchange that do cover abortions must separate funds used for elective abortion coverage TERM 35 Other Prevention Services DEFINITION 35 - Services given an A or B recommended by US Preventive Services Task Force- All vaccinations recommended by CDC's Advisory Committee HPV, the flu and Hepatitis - Evidence-based services for infants, children and adolescents based on guidelines by American Academy of Peds and HHS- Evidence-based preventive services for women recommended by Institute of Medicine and supported by Health Resources and Services Administration