Exam II | ARCH 3115 - History of Architecture, Quizzes of History of Architecture

Download Exam II | ARCH 3115 - History of Architecture and more Quizzes History of Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 DEFINITION 1 Arch of Augustus, Perugia, Italy, 310 BCEsemi circular. lower portions constructed by etruscans. Romans added semi circular arch (theme)one of the seven entrance gates to Perugia in the Etruscan period. TERM 2 DEFINITION 2 Temple of Portunus, Rome, c. 100 BCEsuperficially resembles and ionic greek temple. However, columns are engaged with cella wall, not free standing. Adds interior space and reinforces axiality of whole. TERM 3 DEFINITION 3 Pont du Gard, Nmes, France, 20 BCEunmortared masonry. 882ft. 3 tiers of arches. 160 ft tall. bottom two levels of arches = identical. top row- 20 foot centers. unifying rhythm.above top arches in water channel lined with mortar to prevent leaks.roadway above lowest row of arches. TERM 4 DEFINITION 4 Forum of Augustus, Rome, 20 2 BCE TERM 5 DEFINITION 5 Theater of Marcellus, Rome, 13 11 BCEgreat semi circle of 11000 seats rising in three tiers. rectangular stage building- backdrop. (same capacity as the greek theater at Epidaurous)stacked radial barrel vaultsaccommodatingingress and egress.concentric rings- barrel vaults- internal circulation TERM 6 DEFINITION 6 Forum of Trajan (incl. Basilica Ulpia and Column), Apollodorus of Damascus,Rome, 112 CE - Damascus-military engineer. Symmetrically planned. monumental entrance from forum Agustus. defined by doublecolonnade set on cross axis. center- large equestrian statue of Trajan. Trajan's column (in between two libraries- behind the basilica) is the sole survivor of the forum. TERM 7 DEFINITION 7 Markets of Trajan, Apollodorus of Damascus, Rome, 112 CEMultistory semicircle- reflect forum below and arcaded compliment. shops/ offices/ groin vaulted market. brick faced concrete- contrast to marble of forum. Double barrel vaults- structural model for shops and walkways. Lateral support from flyingbuttresses. TERM 8 DEFINITION 8 Domus Aurea,Severus and Celer,Rome, 64 68 CE TERM 9 DEFINITION 9 Flavian Amphitheater, Rome, 70 81 CEoutside dimension - 510 x 615 feet. 50 000 peopleentire masonry. cutstone and concrete on foundations. exterior walls- travertine.area under arena floor oval labyrinth of passageways and chambers for gladiators, beasts, and machinery.savage and cruel entertainment. TERM 10 DEFINITION 10 Pantheon, Rome, 118 128 CEmost influential building in western architectural history. size, boldness of design, technicalaccomplishment. dedicated to 7planetarydeities. ENTRANCE- enormous portico w/ 20 corinthian columns that originally supported roof trusses. awkwardly joined to circular cella. 27ft diameter oculus. CONTRAST-from interior to exterior. INT- cella divided into 2 stories. corinthian columns and pilasters. Niches set at .25 and .8 points aroundcircumference. dome - 5 tiers of square coffers. exaggerated perspective. light from oculus emphasizes 3D. Creates feeling that building extends beyond. TERM 21 DEFINITION 21 Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria, 706 715 CEOldest extant mosque. illustrates process of form development. site- ancient roman temple to jupiter & 4th century christian church to john baptist. based in part on tripartite aisle and nave basilican plan. outline has shape of roman shrine. gateway east side. 4 towers (minarets) for muezzin to summon. identify as mosque. Over half of interior is sahn. contained domed fountainpavilion- rituals. octagon pavilion- treasury. covered prayer hall (haram) south wall. 2 parallel rows of columns break haram into 3rds. south wall prayer wall (qibla) niches (mihrabs) indicate mecca. TERM 22 DEFINITION 22 Great Mosque, Cordoba, Spain, 784 988 CE (HYPOSTYLE)2 plans. 1 square- 1/2 sahn 1/2 haram (= 10 rows of 11 columns) Damascus and romanaqueducts inspiration for super imposed arches.White vs red brick.enlarged 3 times. ending in the largest mosque in spain. 610 columns.converted to christian church - preserved. TERM 23 DEFINITION 23 Alhambra (incl. Court of the Lions and Hall of Two Sisters),Granada, Spain, 1354 1391 CE (nasrid dynasty) red brick exterior walls. towers and battlements. 2 courts. 1 patio of myrtle trees. central rectangular pool fed by fountain basins @ opposite ends. arcaded galleries on short sides. rows of myrtles. N end Comares tower. square plan of hall of ambassadors= throne room of sultan. Patio of lions( fountain at center) - > hall of two sisters. 2 patio of lions. arcades on slender columns. 4 parts shallow water-emanatingfrom lion fountain. symbolize qur' anic vision of paradise. garden below 4 rivers. water wine honey milk. animals not often in islamic art *12lions TERM 24 DEFINITION 24 Sleymaniye, Mimar Sinan, Istanbul, Turkey, 1550 1558 CE (MULTI- DOMED)site- sloping hill fronting on the golden horn (harbor) exploit dramatic possibilities of terrain- required asymmetrical design. 4 slender minarets. arcaded sahn. domed haram. walledcemeteryset on linear axis. Variant on Hagia Sophia. central dome flanked by two semi-domes. but aisles(also domed) are configured as to allow the building to exist w/in a square. Interior- single volume. more constant articulation than byzantine. buttressing, arches, vaults, & domes work together structurally & visually to create a satisfying architectural composition. TERM 25 DEFINITION 25 Masjid-i-Shah, Isfahan, Iran, 1611 1630 CE (IWAN)two story arcades flank central arch. elaborate tile decoration & a muqarnas vault. congregational mosque. entrance from south side of market. monumentalportalto public arean & match other gateway. Turned 45 Degrees- correctlyalignedw/ mecca. Skill with which the designersaccommodatedthe change in axis is one of the most admired aspects (axial shift) symmetry. decorative elements (animals not just geometry) Domed hall augmented by rooms on either side also covered with domes. (winter mosques)law and religion. TERM 26 DEFINITION 26 Buland Darwaza, Fatehpur Sikri, c. 1568 1571 CE TERM 27 DEFINITION 27 Diwan-i-Khas, Fatehpur Sikri, c. 1568 1571 CE TERM 28 DEFINITION 28 Palatine Chapel, Odo of Metz, Aachen, Germany, 792 805 CEBuilt but lombard masons using stone salvaged from nearby roman structures. 16 sided aisle with a gallery overhead surrounding its central domed octagon. Barrel and groin vaults andoctagonalcloister vault in dome. late roman practice rather than byzantine techniques. plan- simplifiedRavenna main entrance dominated by westwerk- westernfacadeincluding entrance, rooms and one or more towers.carolingian contribution. Heavy interior- 8piersthat support dome. grand proportions. Rich interior- chrome and mosaics. comparable to S. Vital. TERM 29 DEFINITION 29 Monastery of St. Gall, Switzerland, c. 820 CEself sufficient religious community largest building= church. double ended basilica with western hemicycle flanked by twin cylindrical towers. masonry wall timber roof. South side- cloister. 110 monks. 130-150 workers. Bake- brewhouse-farm. southwest of cloistereast- housing, infirmary, herb garden,cemetery.North- abbots house.High quality of functional planning ofCarolingian. TERM 30 DEFINITION 30 St. Michaels, Hildesheim, Germany, 1001 1031 CE TERM 31 DEFINITION 31 St. Sernin, Toulouse, France, 1070 1120 CEpaired aisles on each side of the nave. 4 chapels on east of large transept and five radiating chapels around the apse. 360 ft long. spaciousness that may have been inspired by old st. peters in rome. Barrel vaults. transverse arches.colonnades. triangular cross section. red brick exterior.pilgrimageroad church romanesque. TERM 32 DEFINITION 32 Cluny III, Cluny, France, 1050 CEfeatures of a mature romanesque architecture. major church must be largest and most splendid in christendom. Based on basilican plan.churchwas enriched by double set of transepts and radiating chapels on apse and eastern walls. exterior- each plan element expressed as individual volume butintegratedinto whole. Towers- vertical emphasis, western entrance intersection of nave and transept. triangular from the east. broken barrel vault banded with transverse arches. pointed arch exert less outward thrust. excellent acoustics. lavish designs. TERM 33 DEFINITION 33 Last Judgment tympanum, Gislebertus, St. Lazare, Autun, 1132 CEHideous demons and risen souls summoned to finalreckoning. impassive and enormous christ occupies center. heaven on right, weighing of souls on left. next to miseries of hell. devils agent in the weighing of souls cheats with his hand on the pan. TERM 34 DEFINITION 34 Fontenay Abbey, France, 1139 1147 CE cistercian monasteriesmodeled on plan of st. gall. -modular unit established by square bay of church aisle. 2 units= nave. 4=area of crossing. 1 for each chapel on east wall. standard unit for cloister walk.Nave- broken banded barrel vault. aisles- transverse broken barel vaults.light from windows in aisles- no clerestories. floor. compact earth. choir section in stone. harmonious proportions relieve plainness. TERM 35 DEFINITION 35 St. Etienne, Caen, France, 1067 CEabbaye aux hommes. william duke of normandy to expiate his consanguineous marriage. initially: long nave, 2 western towers, aisles flanked wooden roofed nave, groin vaults supported galleries.upper stage of nave wall rebuilt toincorporateribs of sexpartile vaulting across nave.