Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Terms, Definitions, and Techniques, Quizzes of Psychology

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TERM 1 Basic Characteristics of Behavioral Approach DEFINITION 1 -Problematic or maladaptive behaviors can be best understood and treated in light of learning principles (classical and operant conditioning)- Allies itself with a scientific emphasis and a de- emphasis of inferred variables- Focus on stimuli and response (not what happens in between)- Acknowledges underlying precursors to problem, but focuses on the present TERM 2 Therapists Function and Role for Cognitive- Behavioral Therapy DEFINITION 2 - Be active and directive- conduct functional analysis- help client implement behavior change techniques- measure change and modify as necessary- role-model appropriate strategies TERM 3 Relationship between Therapist and Client: CBT DEFINITION 3 -Belief that progress is due to specific techniques rather than therapeutic relationship-positive expectancy and credibility very important-a good working relationship is necessary but not sufficient for behavior change to occur TERM 4 Overview of Therapeutic Process: CBT DEFINITION 4 -Functional assessment of problem-gather data on antecedents and consequences of problem behavior-develop hypothesizes-design functional treatments-ongoing assessment-develop strategies to maintain behavior changes TERM 5 Historical Evolution of CBT DEFINITION 5 1900s- Pavlov- classical conditioning1938- B.F Skinner- Operant conditioning1950s- Wolpe- Systematic desensitization1950-1960s- Operant conditioning with psychiatric patients1960s-1970s- social learning theory, exposure-based treatments1970s- REBT and cognitive therapy TERM 6 Classical Conditioning DEFINITION 6 -Pavlov, Physiologist studying digestion-discovered CC with dogs-influenced american behavior movement TERM 7 Responses in Classical Conditioning DEFINITION 7 Reflective behavior- simple, unlearned response-governed by the nervous system-always occurs automatically in the presence of a particular stimulus-response systems -sexual arousal -fear -endorphin's and analgesia TERM 8 Systematic Desensitization DEFINITION 8 Developed by Joseph Wolpe in 1950s-Utilized with patients who react to certain stimuli with fear or avoidance (method to reduce anxiety)-based on concept of counter-conditioning (but maybe just extinction) TERM 9 Steps of Systematic Densitization DEFINITION 9 step 1: develop fear hierarchystep 2: teach relaxation/ progressive muscle relaxationstep 3: gradually and hierarchically introduce anxiety-provoking stimuli while maintain relaxation TERM 10 What is the CBT Therapeutic Process? DEFINITION 10 -Functional assessment of problem-Design Functional Treatments-Ongoing assessment-Develop strategies to maintain behavior changes TERM 21 If negative punishment is removed: DEFINITION 21 Response rate decrease TERM 22 What always makes behavior more likely to occur again? DEFINITION 22 Reinforcement always makes behavior more likely to occur TERM 23 Extinction DEFINITION 23 -Decrease in responding once behavior is no longer reinforced-Intermittent reinforcement lasts longer than continuous-Extinction Burst- Increase in behavior when first placed on extinction TERM 24 Clinical Applications of reinforcement DEFINITION 24 Token Economy developed by Ayllon and Azrin in 1968- application of operant conditioning principles to institutional settings using secondary reinforcers-desirable behaviors and absence of unwanted behaviors were rewarded with tokens (which could be exchange for food, cigarettes, etc.) TERM 25 What is Token Economy? DEFINITION 25 Reinforcement system based on tokens-poker chips, coins, tickets, stars, points, check-marks, etc. that function as money-Exchanged for back-up reinforcers-May include response-cost TERM 26 Token Economy: A behavorial reward system DEFINITION 26 Behaviors to be reinforced must be clear and specific- "payment" must be clearly defined-Exchange rate must be clearly defined TERM 27 What are Advantages of Tokens DEFINITION 27 -Maintain behavior at a high lebel-Bridge delay between response and reinforcement-Less subject to satiation-Easily administered-Permits administration of a sindle reinforcer TERM 28 What are Behavioral Contracts? DEFINITION 28 Written agreement between individuals who want behavior to change and client-Signed by both parties-Relationship between behaviors and consequences TERM 29 What are the steps for behavioral contracts? DEFINITION 29 -State what each party expects to gain-Specify behaviors- Specify sanctions for failure to meet terms-Include reinforcer bonus for consistent compliance-specify conditions for renegotiation-monitor execution of contract TERM 30 Self-control Procedures DEFINITION 30 Client delivers environmental contingencies to him or herself- Antecedents- stimulus control-consequences-self-monitoring TERM 31 Antecedents DEFINITION 31 self-control procedure-stimulus control- alter "signals" for a behavior-motivating operations- alter "desire: for a behavior- self-instructions TERM 32 Stimulus Control DEFINITION 32 Degree of correlation between stimulus and response TERM 33 Behavioral Rehearsal DEFINITION 33 Skill-based treatment-practicing skills (that the patient has a specific deficit in) through role-playing-conducted in a hierarchical fashion-therapist provides coaching and feedback TERM 34 Examples of Skill-based treatment DEFINITION 34 -Assertiveness training-Social skill training-Problem-solving therapy TERM 35 Behavioral Activation DEFINITION 35 Application of reinforcement theory to the treatment of depression-often used as the behavioral component of cognitive therapy treatment for depression-monitor activities through daily dairy-rate each activity out of 10 for pleasure and mastery-rate level of depression-schedule activities based on information from the diary TERM 46 Meta-Analysis for if CBT if effective DEFINITION 46 Bulter et al.-only randomized clinical trials-sample-size weighting of effect sizes-analysis of heterogeneity of effect sizes and outliers-inclusion of moderator variables in analyses TERM 47 Butler et al Results: Large effect size DEFINITION 47 Uni polar depression, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, social phobia, PTSD and childhood depressive disorders TERM 48 Bulter et al results: Moderate effect size DEFINITION 48 Martial distress, anger, childhood somatic disorders and chronic pain TERM 49 CBT evidence of long-term efficacy DEFINITION 49 -CBT superior to pharmacotherapy for adult depression-CBT equivalent to behavior therapy for adult depression, OCD TERM 50 Acceptance and mindfulness-based behavior therapies DEFINITION 50 DBT-BDP-Intensive treatment (group and individual)- Acceptance and commitment therapy TERM 51 Key aspects of Mindfulness-based Therapies DEFINITION 51 Focus on accepting rather than controlling or changing dysfunctional/painful cognition, emotions and bodily sensations-accept unwanted thoughts and feelings-don't act on thoughts or feelings and stop trying to control them- mindfulness exercises- meditation-commit self to values and goals TERM 52 Efficacy of mindfulness-based therapies DEFINITION 52 DBT- only empirically-supported treatment for BPDACT- growing evidence-base for use with variety of disorders- Comparisons with more traditional forms of CBT are limited- Not sufficient evidence to suggest that they are functional different TERM 53 Types of Group Therapy DEFINITION 53 -psycho-education-support groups-group-based psychotherapy-theortical orientation-group focus-group composition TERM 54 Psychodynamic group therapy DEFINITION 54 Dynamics of the group secondary to individual analysis- role of therapist is key TERM 55 Behavorial/CBT group therapy DEFINITION 55 -Focus is on efficacy-Homogenous diagnosis/presenting problem-skills-based and time-limited TERM 56 Proposed Curative Factors (Yalom, 1975) DEFINITION 56 -Imparting information-instilling hope-Universality-Altrusim- Interpersonal learning-Imitative behavior-Corrective recapitulation of the primary family-Catharsis0Group cohesiveness TERM 57 Which disorders are best treated with a group therapy approach? DEFINITION 57 -Burlingame et. al. (2003)depression and eating disorders most effective-substance abuse, criminal behavior, thought disorders not effective TERM 58 The development of family therapy DEFINITION 58 -Child Guidance Movement-Attachment Theory (Bowlby)- Social Work-Marriage Counseling TERM 59 Schools of Family Therapy DEFINITION 59 Psychoanalytic Multigenerational systems-cognitive behavior family therapy-family systems therapy TERM 60 Introduction to Systems Perspective DEFINITION 60 The family is a system-collection of organisms that are interconnected in mutually influential, interdependent relationships with each other TERM 71 Who came up with Classical Conditioning? DEFINITION 71 Ivan Pavlov TERM 72 What is Thorndikes Law of Effect? DEFINITION 72 Behaviors with satisfying consequences will be repeated; those with annoying consequences will be less likely to occur TERM 73 Who came up with Operant Conditioning? DEFINITION 73 B. F Skinner TERM 74 Components of Operant Conditioning DEFINITION 74 -Built on Thorndikes Law of Effect-Discovered schedules of reinforcement-Focus is on voluntary behavior-developed by BF Skinner TERM 75 What is Behavioral Activation? DEFINITION 75 Application of reinforcement theory to the treatment of depression-often used as the behavioral component of cognitive therapy treatment for depression-monitor activities through daily dairy-rate each activity out of 10 for pleasure and mastery-rate level of depression-schedule activities based on information from diary TERM 76 What were the presenting issues of client in the case presentation? DEFINITION 76 -Diagnoses of ASD and ADHD-Below average communication, cooperation, assertion, responsibility, engagement, and self- control TERM 77 Therapeutic approaches used in case presentation? DEFINITION 77 -Social Skills Improvement System-Child Behavior Checklist- Intake interviews-Additional Parent Component -Most evidence-based social skills curriculum include parent component-important for generalization and maintenance of child skill-Social support and on-going problem solving for parents TERM 78 Purpose of Social Skills Group DEFINITION 78 Group to help facilitate the development of social skills in children with autism spectrum disorder or other related conditions TERM 79 Common difficulties of Social Skills Group DEFINITION 79 Social reciprocity, nonverbal communication, developing and maintaining relationships TERM 80 Specific Techniques used in case presentation DEFINITION 80 -Kids group and a parent group-13 week in length-divided into four units 1) Emotions and coping 2) Nonverbal communication and conversational skills 3) Friendship skills 4) Social Problem solving TERM 81 Example Group Session: Emotion DEFINITION 81 Ball toss- How do you feel today?Lesson- what are different emotions, emotion speedometerGroup Activity- Watch emotion-eliciting skitsSnack/Special Spotlight -Show and TellHW review TERM 82 Case presentation: Phase 1 DEFINITION 82 Comprehensive assessment-intellectual and academic functioning in average range-problems with auditory comprehension and behavioral/cognitive flexibility TERM 83 Case presentation: Phase 2 DEFINITION 83 School Consultation-help teachers use visual supports-help teacher implement the "rocket ship" behavior plan in the classroom TERM 84 Case Presentation: Phase 3 DEFINITION 84 Behavioral and cognitive flexibility-unstuck and on target! Executive function to improve flexibility for children with ASD TERM 85 What took place 1940s-1950s DEFINITION 85 Child Guidance movement TERM 96 Who should be responsible for child treatment? DEFINITION 96 -family, school, health care system, state, federal TERM 97 Universal Prevention programs DEFINITION 97 Addresses the entire population (national, local, community, school, district)-all individuals, without screening, are provided with information and skills necessary to prevent the problem TERM 98 Selective prevention programs DEFINITION 98 -Focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems is above average-subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status TERM 99 Indicated prevention programs DEFINITION 99 Involves a screening process to identify children who exhibit early signs of problem behaviors TERM 100 Behavorial Therapy techneque DEFINITION 100 Treatment is active, directive, and collaborative